Outline the main factors explaining news definitions of gender and Essay

Outline the main factors explaining news definitions of gender and assess the evidence that journalism contributes towards the a - Essay Example Moreover, stereotypes of a litany of different origins are likely to pervade the media’s representation of any given topic; and have been proven to exist for as long as the modern media has been in existence (Munoz et al., 2012, p. 385). As a means of understanding this unique dynamic, this particular analysis will consider some of the main reasons why the current, and past media, have marginalized and alienated women and how this impact has in fact worked to compound women’s issues within the context of greater degrees of freedom and societal shift that may have otherwise occurred had the pervasive agenda of the media not been in place. In order to begin to discuss such a topic, it is necessary for the reader to come to a firm and complete understanding of what defines the media and to what extent and for what reasons it remains a dynamic and powerful force in formulating the ideas of society. In order to achieve this goal, the first section of this piece will discuss the role and evolution of the media on the lives of those within Western civilization. So powerful has been the effect of the media on the way in which the world has grown and developed that key historians and social scientists in the 19th century collectively dubbed it the â€Å"Fourth Estate†; an homage to the medieval representation of the three estates of society – the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. As a means of defining the power that the media holds over society in such a way, the reader comes to the powerful understanding that such a high level of influence is given to this entity that it in and of itself can be counted as a determinant entity within the â€Å"estates† of modern society. Likewise, by limiting the analysis to Western civilization it will be possible to provide a level of focus upon the same media that affected the nations that comprised the early women’s liberation movement of the 1960s and onwards. One such factor that m akes the media of the recent past as well as the present unique is the surprising level of standardization and singular ownership which defines it. Whether one considers the newsprint media, television media, radio media, or media of other forms, a few solitary players control the lion’s share of these forms of media. As such, the range of diversity and the level to which archetypes have been constructed and accepted has reached endemic proportions. For purposes of analysis, the media which will be analyzed involves print, television, radio, and various other types of less popular yet still visible forms of advertising and media that impact on the lives of individuals on a daily basis. With the growth and widespread popularity of television in the years following the Second World War, media saw a sudden shift in the means by which it could interact with the average individual within the developed world (Ferguson, 2012, p. 890). Rather than relying on selling newspapers, magaz ines, journals, books etc, the media now had a cheap and effective way of allowing the advertising budgets of their sponsors to defray the cost that would otherwise be passed on to the consumer and

Little Prince by Antoine De Saint-Exupery Essay Example for Free

Little Prince by Antoine De Saint-Exupery Essay The Little Prince or Le Petit Prince was inspired by the author Antoine de Saint Exupery’s real life experience and just added fictionalized images to make it real and understandable. It became the marvelous book written for children. Sold over 140,000,000 copies worldwide into more than 250 languages and has been one of the best-selling books published ever. According to Paris-based Saint-Exupery Foundation, The Little Prince is the most translated book in history after The Bible. It also known as â€Å"children’s fable for adult† as it conveys profound and idealistic views in human nature and its settings. Until now, The Little Prince is still the most advisable book not only for the children but also to the adults to read. Antoine de Saint Exupery was a French aviator and writer who became more popular with this novella, which was written in year 1943. After failing in a university preparatory school and was not able to pursue his real dream to become a naval officer. He entered into a different field which is architecture but still resulted in failures and he did not even graduated. In 1921, he started his military service and was sent to Strasbourg for training as a pilot. In 1926 he became one of the pioneers of international postal flight. Until an accident happened in 1935 wherein a sudden machine failure strike and crashed it in the Libyah Sahara desert. In four days of experiencing dehydration, there was a Bedouin on a camel discovered them and saved their lives. The book begins with the narrator, which is the Pilot reminiscing the days when he was a six year old boy. He was trying to draw a boa constrictor and shows it to the grown-ups, but they always advise that he should stop dreaming to become an artist instead he should focus in geography, grammar, arithmetic and history. So he gave up his dream to become an artist and choose another profession which is to pilot airplanes. And whenever he met someone, he always showed his drawings of boa constrictor and asked them if they know it. But he always gets an answer of â€Å"That’s a hat†. Then he would never talk to that person about boa constrictor again. Until a plane crash accident happened in Sahara Desert and he met the little prince that asking him to draw a sheep. After three attempts and failed to draw a sheep, he decided to draw a box instead and explained that the sheep were inside of it. That was the start of their friendship. The narrator soon found out that the little prince came from what he called his planet which is Asteroid B-612. Where there can be found a baobabs, a two active volcanoes and a flower. As each day passed, the narrator soon learned to know the flower. Its importance and the way it was treated by the prince. When the prince is about to travel onto the other planet, he found himself in the neighborhood of asteroids 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 and 330. The first of them was inhabited by a king, who was said to rule everything but the real thing is it’s completely nothing. The second planet was inhabited by a conceited man, who always think that everyone were his admirer. The third planet was inhabited by a tippler, who is not consistent with what he’s saying. The fourth planet belonged to a businessman, who is busy in counting stars and also believes that he owns them. The fifth planet was the smallest planet wherein there was just a street lamp and a lamplighter. The little prince has thought that the lamplighter could be his friend and also because of the 1440 sunsets it has every day, but the planet is too small for them. The sixth planet was ten times larger than the last one. It was inhabited by a geographer who wrote voluminous books. He was thought as an explorer and was asked several questions in his own planet. On the latter part, the geographer advised the planet Earth as the best to visit. When the little prince arrived in on the planet earth, he first met a snake claims that through his poison he can bring the little prince back to his planet. Had talk to a three-petaled flower, climbed in to highest mountain hoping to see a human. Then he found a rose garden that made him depressed because he thought of his flower in his planet which acclaimed she’s one of a kind. He also met a fox and they became friends. The fox made him realize what makes his flower unique is because of the way he gave importance to it. The prince continued his journey where he met the railway switchman and a merchant. He discovered lot of new things about differences of grown-ups and the children. Back to the present, the narrator experiencing dehydration and with the help of the little prince, he found a well. Later he found out that the little prince was deciding to go back to his planet for his flower through the help of the snake. The little prince made a very sentimental farewell but the narrator refuses to leave him alone in the desert. Soon, the little prince allowed the snake to bite him and falls without making a sign. The next morning, the narrator was not able to find the body of the little prince and concluded that he must be already at his planet. The story ends with a portrait of the landscape where they have met. Making the readers engage if some day they will be in African desert, and will meet a little man with the same characteristics. That will surely be the little prince. The Little Prince is known as a children fable and an example of allegory. Merriam Webster Dictionary defines allegory as the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence. There are many symbolic fictional figures to consider in the story. First the stars, it symbolizes the feeling and emotions of humans. It also symbolizes the mystery of the universe. Secondly, the planets and the remarkable persons can be found on it. They symbolize the group of people, where different type or attitudes of grown-ups are in. Thirdly, the rose symbolizes as the comfort zone. If you won’t get out of it, you won’t discover or know a lot of important things. Fourthly, the trains which can be found in Chapter 22, it symbolizes the things how people rushed things and wasn’t able to see the importance of its existence. Lastly, the water symbolizes a spiritual fulfillment or as a completion for what supposed to be done. The point of view in the poem is a first person, which is the pilot. But mostly focuses in narrating the story up to the end. Still the question is, who is this book really written for? Yes, it has been said that this is good for both children and adults. But there are some ideologies might not be understandable for the children, just like the bizarre story of a little prince that fell in love with his flower. And for the adults wherein their negative perspective has been criticize. Is that what really the book for? A blogger named Erin (2008) of Goodreads said that â€Å"We are all children in adults bodies. Yes we are, dont think we arent for one moment. The fact that we WERE, indeed, children, is a huge part of each of us. It is possible to shed a few appreciative tears on every page of this book if you entertain the thought that the pilot IS The Little Prince. Maybe you wont think thatmaybe youll have your own take on the bookthats the magic about it†¦Consider honoring the Little You that still remains, and resides within you, and read this salute to childhood, to innocence, and to you. It just takes a Little imagination and bravery.† This book is made to tickle the imagination of the children as well as to show sort of the reality about grown-ups. Every story has its own moral lesson. In this story, children can have their own realization on reading it. Adults can also have their own insights about themselves. It’s good for the children to read because of its illustration, based on an open source site Wikipedia, The Little Prince was illustrated through watercolors painted personally by Exupery. Another unknown reviewer noted that the author Exupery chose the best illustrations to maintain the ethereal tone he wanted his story to exude. Choosing between ambiguity and literal text and illustrations, Saint-Exupà ©ry chose in every case to obfuscate. Also, good for the young adults because of its humorous attack in portraying values. The mood is first a mystery, wherein the little prince did not reveal where he comes from. It captures the imagination of the readers. Until pieces by pieces it became adventure when the little prince started to tell the story of his journey in seven planets including the Earth. The tone of the story is much more with being regretful when the little prince left his flower alone in his planet. Curiosity in the part of the narrator; about his real identity and where did he came from. Happiness and sadness all throughout the days were the narrator and the little prince were together in the desert. But at the end, still being able to treasure the moments they have together makes each characters happy. Philosophical approach is used because it mostly focuses in dealing with the undesirable values of grown-ups. Then a part of it is Biographical because some scenes are almost similar with the experience of the author. Example of this is the narrator’s boa constrictor drawing but grown-ups were always telling him that it’s a hat. For the author, this scene may be similar when he failed to enter in the preparatory university school and wasn’t able to pursue his dreams. Instead he ended up for being an aviator. There is also a part of Introspective approach as cited in by Wahlig (2010), it’s a reader-response approach, where the reader takes an active role in garnering meaning or value from a text. The reader is responsible for taking an inventory of her own biases, values or assumptions prior to reading and pinpointing the ways that a text challenges or reinforces those traits. Introspective approaches also value the subjectivity of the readers experience and assume that an objective reading is either impossible or no more valuable than a subjective reading. It occurs when it simply engage the readers if through their own experiences in dealing with the attitude of grown-ups and will make a self realization if the book’s telling the truth towards their attitudes. As the mostly recommended book for children, the writer executed a different type of writing or illustrating the story. Exupery stated on page 19, chapter 4 of the Little Prince: â€Å"Figures are a matter of indifference. I should have liked to begin this story in the fashion of the fairy-tales. I should have like to say â€Å"Once upon a time there was a little prince who lived on a planet that was scarcely any bigger than himself, and who had need of a sheep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"to those who understand life, that would have given a much greater air of truth to my story.† The way he uniquely narrate the story is one factor why this became remarkable not only to the children but also to the French literature. This book is full of symbols and meanings, but what are the moral lessons? Valuing life as well as the little things on it is the highlight of this story. Everything we say or show to others will reflect to everyone’s who’s involved until the end. Just like what happened to the narrator of the story, he wanted to be an artist and also tried to show his drawings numbers one and two to the grown-ups of a boa constrictor. But he always gets a wrong interpretation and insisting him not to pursue his dream of being an artist instead focus on grammar, arithmetic, geography and history. The negative side of it reflected when he became a pilot, and someone asked him to draw a sheep. He did not know how to draw anything aside from boa constrictor since he stopped to draw when he failed about his boa constrictor. Also in reality, the way how people look more in to the physical appearance than to the inner side. Like on Chapter 4, where there was a Turkish astronomer in 1909 in a Turkish costume. Nobody believed on what he said about asteroid B-612 because of his look. And when he tried to present it again in European costume, everybody accepted his report. â€Å"It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to eye.† Grown-ups are indeed so much like that, for them figures are more important than its meaning. The interpretation or understanding of the story will always depend on how it will touch one’s heart. References: * Adamson, Thomas Little Prince discovery offers new insight into classic book, The Times Tribune May 2012 * De Saint- Exupery, Antoine, The Little Prince, B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd.  © * Goodreads, The Little Prince http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/157993.The_Little_Prince * Wahlig, Hannah, Types of Approaches in Literary Analysis, http://www.ehow.com/info_8368198_types-approaches-literary-analysis.html * Wikipedia, Antoine De Saint-Exupery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_De_Saint_Exupery * Wikipedia, The Little Prince http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Prince

The Pakistani Construction Chemical Industry Marketing Essay

The Pakistani Construction Chemical Industry Marketing Essay Construction Chemicals are the broad range of chemicals that are used as additives before or after construction stages to enhance the strength and durability of concrete structures. These range of construction chemicals are further divided into admixtures, flooring adhesives, water proofing, surface treatments, sealants, grouts and anchors, depending on their use in various applications of repair and construction. The Pakistani construction chemical industry despite its troubled economy is growing at a steady rate due to availability of natural resources and construction projects within country and neighboring Afghanistan. Construction chemical industry is very closely related to construction industry and is very much dependent over it. Many international companies those are considered as pioneers and giants in construction chemicals have developed construction sites in Pakistan to capture this geographic segment. Many local companies have also stepped in this line of business and are adapting international standards in technology and processes that has increased this industry magnitude but also developed the competition. Though it is a growing industry in local perspective yet at the same time on a smaller level it also attracts the attention of the niche segment of qualified people who know what will be the ultimate satisfaction that they will receive after using such type of products and se rvices. Internship in MBA program is very helpful in understanding the standards, codes and ethics that are practiced in real markets. As a marketing student to gain information on how companies in this competition adopt marketing strategies and focus on the needs and wants of the customers to stay contemporary and profitable. For this purpose I took internship in marketing department of Ultra Chemicals, a construction chemicals company whose industry is very dynamic. The company started its business in 2003 as a licensee of Ultra Construction Chemicals LLC USA and specializes in importing and manufacturing of construction chemicals Admixtures Surface Treatments, Grouts and Anchors, Water proofing Materials, Industrial Floorings, Concrete Protective Coatings, Joint Sealants Adhesives. I gained a lot of practical experience working in this company and I am quite confident that this exposure will have a positive impact on given assignments and entrepreneurial activities as a professional in marketing. I did internship for six weeks of one week in finance department and rest in marketing department to have a broad exposure. Working in finance department was more like to get a general idea about department functions and I was able to get interaction with finance department staff and watched their general activities. Higher management corporation and support helped very much in gaining the inside view of the organization processes and making it a good learning experience. During the internship period I met many clients, people in the marketing field and observed their activities. In this report I have discussed technical terms that are used in this industry and conducted SWOT analysis. At the end of this report I have made some conclusions and recommendations for the c ompany. Vision and Mission statements are as follows: Vision Statement: To be the leader in chemical industry and to serve commercial, residential and industrial construction by utilizing our vast research, expertise and experience. Mission Statement: We at Ultra chemicals are totally committed to developing customer-valued, admixtures, surface treatments, protective coatings concrete repairs, industrial flooring, grouts anchors, adhesives, waterproofing sealants solutions. Our focus is directed toward continuous improvement, superior quality and exceptional service. Table of contents Serial No. Topic Page No. 01 Overview of the Organization 8 i. Brief history 8 ii. Nature of the organization 9 iii. Product lines 10 iv. Brand portfolio of the organization 11 v. Strategies of branding used by the organization 12 vi. List of main clients of UC 13 vii. List of main competitors of UC 18 02 Organizational structure 19 i. Organizational Hierarchy chart 19 ii. Number of employees 20 iii. Introduction of all the departments 20 iv. Comments on the organizational structure 21 03 Plan of my internship program 21 i. A brief introduction to head office 21 ii. Starting and ending dates of my internship 21 iii. Names of the departments in which I got training 21 04 Training program 22 i. Description of activities performed by departments 22 ii. Description of the tasks assigned tasks 22 05 Structure of Marketing Department 25 i. Department hierarchy 25 ii. Number of employees in Marketing department 26 iii. Marketing operations 26 06 Functions of Marketing Department 27 i. Segmentation strategy 28 ii. Target marketing strategy 28 iii. Product planning, development management 28 iv. Positioning 29 v. Pricing strategy 30 vi. Distribution strategy 34 vii. Promotional strategy 35 07 Structure of the Sales Department 36 i. Department hierarchy 36 ii. Number of employees working in sales department 36 iii. Sales operations 36 08 Function of Sales Department 37 i. Sales methodology 37 ii. Type of selling 37 iii. Sales returns procedures 38 09 Customer Services Department 39 i. Process of developing relations with customers 39 ii. Techniques of retaining the customers 40 iii. Techniques of attracting new customers 40 iv. Ways of handling different kinds of customers 40 10 Critical Analysis of UC 42 11 SWOT analysis 44 12 Conclusion 46 13 Recommendations 46 14 References 47 Overview of the Organization Brief history of organization: Ultra Chemicals, LLC. a, USA based company adopting Market Development and Product Development Strategies formed its subsidiary, Ultra Construction Chemicals (PVT) Limited. The company started its operations in Pakistan in 2003. It provide improved quality construction additives as well as technical support to different sites including Commercial, Residential, Housing Societies, Underpasses, Flyovers, Dams, Hydro powers, Combined Cycle Power Projects, Bridge Structures, Airports and Canal Lining etc by utilizing research and expertise to serving valued customers throughout its region. Nature of organization: The Company imports raw materials of most of its chemical products from various countries like, Japan, Korea, Russia, South Africa and America. Admixtures are blended and mixed at Ultra chemical Processing Unit which is located exactly 4KM, off Ferozpur Road, Lahore Epoxies in finished form are directly imported from Japan Korea through its parent company. These are imported in bulk quantities and re-packed into small tin packs for further selling to the customers. The Company has strong technical team which provides technical services and supervisions to its customers. The services include product applications, Precaution, port life, full cure time, and final strength of the products and concrete cubes. The business is classified as consumer durables because the nature and use of the products in processes and projects are made so that the projects have extended lives and durability in their structures. iii) Product Lines and Brand Portfolio of the organization: The company offers a complete range of construction chemicals/additives which are used to enhance concrete structure life, workability, quality, and strength. The wide range of construction chemicals products includes: Concrete Admixture Ultra Powder 2000 Ultra Super Plast 470 Ultra Grouts n Anchors Ultra Lock E3-GP Surface Treatment Ultra Curing Compound Industrial Flooring Ultra Hard Floor Protective Coating Ultra Tuffcoat-90 Water Proofing Ultra Seal Grey Joints Sealants etc Ultra Poly Urethane Sealant Strategies of branding: Branding Strategy plays an important role in creating a, sign, symbol, and name that differentiates and identifies a product from other products. An effective branding strategy provides you a chance to penetrate and increase market shares in a competitive market. Branding is very particular in nature that a company adopts under some condition like product, consumer behavior and company position in competitive environment. The company has adopted Range Brand Strategy. This strategy offers one brand name through a single promise for a range of products belonging to the same area of competence. Ultra Construction Chemical has only one brand name (Ultra) which is used for all of its range of interrelated products. Main Clients: National Level Project References International Air Port Sialkot. Greater Thai Canal. Kachi Canal. Rainee Canal. KCI Chashma. Satpara Dam. Sher Shah Bridge Multan. Mole Power Project Kohat. Head Baloki Thermal Power Station. Islamabad Muree Motorway. Lahore to Gujranwala Road Bridges. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Chief Minister Secretariat Lahore. President House Islamabad. Prime Minister House Islamabad. Metro Cash Carry. Industrial Sector (Cement Industry) Pioneer Cement Factory Joharabad. Best Way Cement Factory Chakwal. Gharibwal Cement Factory Find Dadan Khan. Saadi Cement Factory Hattar. Mustehkum Cement Factory Hattar. Fauji Cement Factory Fatah Jhang. Thatta Cement Factory Sindh. Lucky Cement Factory Karachi. Pakistan Cement Factory Chakwal. DG Cement Factory D.G Khan. Leather, Textile Industries Etc. East Pakistan Chroome Tainery Shaikhupura. Universal Leather Kahna Lahore. Yusaf Tainery Sahiwal. Dada Tainery Ferozpur Road Lahore. Sapphire Finishing Raiwind Lahore. Nishat Mills Defence Road Lahore. Nishat Chunian. Five Star International Faisalabad. Manakine Textile Rohi Nala Lahore. Ehsan Sons Raiwind Master Textiles Raiwind Koh-e-Noor Textile Raiwind Mange Road Lahore. Mayfair Textile Raiwind Azgard-9 Raiwind. Akash Textile Faisalabad. Sonex Tiles Industry Kamokey. Mater Tiles Gujranwala. Bata Pakistan. Nestle Pakistan Kbirwala Sheikhupura. Pak Arab Fertilizer Fatima Fertilizer Rahim Yaar Khan. Angro Fertilizer Ghotki. Ghani Glass Industries. Honda Car Factory Multan Road Lahore. Honda Motorcycle Sheikhupura Raod Lahore. LG Factory Sunder Industrial Estate Lahore. Faisal Asad Textile Layyah. Coca Cola Lahore Pepsi Cola Lahore. Sunder Industrial Estate Lahore. Clariant Pakistan Jamshoro. Millat Tractors Sheikhupura Road Lahore. KSB Pumps. Doctor Hospital Lahore. Adil Hospital Defence Lahore. Precast Industries: Izhar Group of Companies. Izhar Pvt. Ltd. Gondal Precast Gujrat. Imam Co Jamal Precast Rawalpindi. Saeed Precast Kohat. Rana Concrete Lahore. Junaid Pool Plant. Potential Engineers C-Mix Concrete Lahore Pharmaceutical Industries: Ameer Pharma Shaikhupura Road. Sharooq Pharma Ferozpur Road Lahore. Shahzaib Pharma Haripur. Pharmajin Ferozpur Road. Gyton Pharma Raiwind Road. Glaxo Smith Kot Lakhpat. Selmore Pharma Multan Road Lahore. International Pharma Defence Road Lahore. Zakfas Pharma Multan. Mass Pharma Raiwind Ethical Lab Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore. Mac Rains Pharma Raiwind Road. Shopping Centers, Housing Sectors: Pace Pakistan Pvt. Ltd. Rabi Centre Lahore. Ahad Tower Lahore AH Tower M.M. Alam Road Lahore. Pak Gulf-7 Star Islamabad. Sethi Motors Model Town More Lahore. Essem Hotel Islamabad. Emmar Housing Project Islamabad. Defence Housing Authority Lahore. Eden Developers/Housing. Bahria Town Lahore Rawalpindi. EME Society DHA Multan Road Lahore. City School System. Beacon House Schools System. Salamat School System. Laccas School System. Punjab Group of Colleges. Askari Villas Airport Lahore. Aero Developers Mubarak Sales Center Lahore. Al-Gugair Giga Tower Karachi. Rehman Hospital Ferozpur Road Lahore. Thokhar Niaz Baig Fly Over Lahore. Muslim Tower Under Pass Lahore. Royal Palm Golf Club Lahore. Warid , U Fone,Telenor Towers. Main competitors List of major competitors is appended below SIKA International BASF Pakistan FOS-Pak Construction Chemical (Pvt) Ltd ABE- Construction Chemical (Pvt) Ltd Imporient Construction Chemicals (Pvt) Ltd Zohebia Construction (Pvt) Ltd Organizational Structure The organizational structure of Ultra Chemicals has functional departmentalization structure with centralized decision making. i) Organizational Hierarchy chart ii) Number of employees The total numbers of employees working in Ultra Construction Chemicals offices (head office branch offices) and in factory are 120 iii) Introduction of all departments. Human Resource Department: Human resource department of Ultra construction chemical dealing with matters of employees like, training, hiring, labor relations and benefits. Human resource management also plays an important role to make employee labor force well-organized as well as maintaining employee database. Finance Department: Every organization plays an important role to meet the need of all of its stake holders. This is true in the finance sector. Ultra construction chemical has a strong finance department which plays a broad range of roles to under take inside and outside of its business. The finance department of Ultra construction chemicals handles all traditional responsibilities and finance matter such as finance accounting, payroll management, recoveries, estimating and handling cash in hand and outflow, record keeping and managing liquidity. Marketing Department: It is the major responsibility of marketing department of Planning and coordination of all marketing activities. Ultra construction chemicals marketing department works to promote their products at reasonable price in the market. The marketing department of Ultra construction chemicals is also responsible of generating new inquiries, through tender opening, news papers, building consultants, contractors and media. Developing long term relation with exiting as well as new customers. Sales Department: The sales department of Ultra construction chemical is responsible for the sales of the companys manufactured products and services. Payment collection, after sales services, logistic, controlling and assessing sales force activities is also duty of Ultra Chemicals sales department. Comments on the organizational structure : Ultra Construction chemical has departmentalization decision making structure. It includes wide span of control with central decision making approach. This type of decision making strategy is good for company products, services and business. fa 3. Plan of internship program: i) Brief introduction of head office: Ultra Chemicals head office is situated in 26 CC-2 Civic Centre, Central Plaza, New Garden Town Lahore, where I conducted my internship. It is floor which is divided into four departments that include finance, marketing, sales and human resource departments. ii) Starting and ending dates of Internship: Staring date of my internship is June 01, 2010 and ending date is July 13, 2010. iii) Names of the departments in which I got my training: Finance Department I got training in Finance department for one week starting from June 01, 2010 to June 08, 2010 and learned voucher entries, book keeping, journal entries. Sales Marketing Departments From June 09, 2010 till the completion of my internship. During this tenure, I learned / performed the following: Companies Marketing policies Market Analysis Prepared Marketing Plan Promoting Companys products Understanding customers needs requirements 4) Training program: Internship Training program started on June 01, 2010 and ended on July 07, 2010 i) Detailed Description of the operations performed by the department: a) Finance department: Activities of this department are recovery of cash from clients and agencies, preparation of budget, payroll management, account maintaining and keeping records. b) Marketing department: This department is responsible for conducting marketing research, advertising and promotion, devise a marketing plan, manage product portfolio. In addition to these activities this department focuses on customer needs, develop and communicate with customers, develop plans that would help in gaining a competitive edge in competition. Detailed description of assigned tasks: Separate target and separate responsibility is assigned to sales representative. I had to meet 0.6 Million Sales Target during my Internship meeting with chief civil engineer: (M. Israr Farrooqi) , discussion regarding epoxy sacreeding (used in hygienic chemical resistant floor in food departments, hospitals lobby, beverages, food processing plant, pharmaceuticals production plant, cold storage ) and self leveling in new cereal plan building Visit to Head of construction, Mr Khwaja Tasueef at Metro cash carry Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore for water steel structure water proofing with(epoxy primer, intra seal flex=high elongation coating pasting of polyester fiber, c) Visit to Sapphire power plant Muridke: Met Mr. Rana Khaliq ur Zaman Arif and discussion regarding grouting of diesel tank pipes with some high strength epoxy material. And surface treatment of water unloading station of acids like (caustic soda, HCL, H2so4 (sulphuric acid) and water proofing of underground storage tanks d) Visit to Nishat Mills Ltd: Its head office is situated at 7 Main gulberg, Lahore. I had a detailed discussion with Mr. Khurram Procurement Manager regarding all construction products specially focused on related jobs like grouting of power looms machines foundation. e) Visit to Coca Cola concentrated plant: It is situated 1 N Gulberg industrial area Lahore. A brief discussion with Raza Ali maintenance manager regarding epoxy sacreeding and self leveling of floor (hygienic coating) for hygienic conditions such as non bacterial growth. f) Visit to Descon Engineering Limited: The head office is located at Ferozpur road Lahore. A detailed discussion with Mr. Rafiq (Project Buyer) regarding treatment of expansion joints Ultra Safe Lastic-V (sealant for vertical surface) for Mangla dam Projects and Satpara Dam Project for rebarring of concrete structures. g) Visit to Dawood Hercules Sheikhupura raod lahore: The corporate Head office: 35-A, Shahrah-e-Abdul Hameed Bin Baadees (Empress Road), Lahore 54000, Pakistan. I have conducted a meeting with Mr. Rasheed (chief civil) regarding workshop floors treatments with some epoxy high strength materials and surface treatment of cooling tower basin with some cement materials and polymer added mortar. 5) Structure of the Marketing Department: Marketing department has a traditional structure with decentralized decision making and narrow span of control. i) Department hierarchy: ii) Number of employees working in the Marketing department: There are ten employees working in marketing department of Lahore head office. iii) Marketing Operations: Marketing department of Ultra Chemicals performs various activities to enhance the positioning of brand and products. Performing activities to measure marketing and planning, advertising budgets, project work and promotional campaign results while systematically improving effectiveness and efficiency. Generate market reports: After completion of each project the marketing department makes reports and analysis of the completed projects. To make budgets: It is a planned activity that allocates revenues and expenses that are needed to carry out various marketing activities. It also covers pricing decisions specific to clients, rewarding employees with bonuses and also to make product range more innovative. Brand Management: Brand image is positioned so that the perceived value to the customer would increase brand equity by continuously improving the band contract . Pricing Pricing objectives and strategies are defined, in order to have optimal pricing. Terms and conditions of pricing are also established. 6) Functions of the Marketing Department: To Conduct market research: Market researchers conduct the research, prepare reports and present to marketing director. Promotion and Advertising: To expand customer base and find new customers are key assets to any firm specially in this challenging industry. Advertising and promotion strategies are used to find and attract new customers. For this purpose Ultra Chemicals launched many campaigns to increase their brand awareness by effective advertising and promotions systems. Prepare Marketing Plan: Marketing plan is prepared at the start of the year, targets are set to achieve and strategies are adopted to achieve these goals. Based on market research and analysis a plan is prepared and managers make sure that objectives are carried out without delays. Segmentation strategy: Segmentation strategy depends on the market potential and the ability to satisfy the customer needs. For this reports from market research process are consulted. Segmentation strategy used by Ultra Chemicals is 1) Geographic Segmentation: Geographic segmentation is the dividing of the target market in various segments depending on the customers usage and demands for those products. Clients of Ultra Chemicals are from various cities, and construction sites within Pakistan that require the products produced. 2) Behavioral Segmentation: Behavioral segmentation is the dividing of the target market in segments according to potential buyers of products and their knowledge, usage and attitude towards that product. Products of Ultra Chemicals are used by such people and professionals who are knowledgeable and understand the brand promise that it offers, because they are looking for quality and durability. ii) Target marketing strategy: Market research process also define the target market that helps in identifying those market segments that are potential clients and agencies that utilizes the products services produced by a company. Right identification of the target market helps in saving time and monetary costs. Target market primarily includes those customers, regions and all those projects that are related with construction industry. The nature of this industry requires a market that is composed of knowledgeable and technical people who know what value and promises this brand offers. Though it is a growing industry in local perspective yet at the same time on a smaller level it can depends and target the niche segment of qualified people who know what will be the ultimate satisfaction that they will receive after using these products. On a larger scale Ultra Chemicals targets large scale projects. After identification and selection of target market, strategies used by Ultra Chemicals are product and market specialization with full market coverage that span over whole country. Product specialization is used because the company has the potential to customize the products according to the need of their client agencies, and market specialization is used because the company offers this target market a variety of its products for usage. iii) Product planning, development management: Product Planning: After market research and careful analysis of market opportunities and assessing the needs of the customers, product planning process is started which aims at answering questions like which new product should be introduced or are there any modifications that can be made in the current product portfolio. What will be the process of after sales service and at what time the product should be introduced in the market. However basic product planning starts with idea generation many internal sources like customers, suppliers etc are consulted. When data is gathered from various sources is gathered, further screening and short-list is made and more feasible ideas is selected. Product Development: Ultra Chemicals manufacture their products in their production plant which is situated at Defence Road Rohi Nala, Opp: Kacha Tiba Village, Industrial State Lahore. Basic raw materials are imported from various countries and under the supervision of qualified team of plant managers, supervisors and chemical analysts products are manufactured according to ASTM (American Standard testing Method) which is an international standard developed by American society for testing materials. Product management: When new product is developed then it is managed by commercialization which deals with the timing of the launch of the new product, also where and when to launch the product. After that test marketing is carried out where the product is tested in real market setting. Ultra Chemicals uses the push strategy and send out notifications, samples and promotional material to their regular clients and make the characteristics of the product known and managed through a communication network of professionals and customer service. All products of Ultra Chemicals are leveraged under its unique brand name. iv) Positioning: Positioning is what we do to the mind of our customers it should be done carefully because it is the foundation on which other marketing decisions are built. Any change in the positioning can result in price fluctuations. Since the launch of Ultra Chemicals in 2003, the company has done effective promotional campaigns and developed a large customer base. They were successful in setting the perception of a company that offers a wide range of high quality to meet the need of customers by enhancing the safety, durability and design of construction. These activities resulted in good brand positioning and the perception of their products carry values of strength, reliability, durability and adaptability. Customers know that the brand fulfill its set of promises. There may be multiple positioning strategies based on the target market segment, but based on the nature of industry and business Ultra Chemicals positioning strategy is universal for all its segments i.e. to deliver strength, durability, and life of the projects. v) Pricing strategy: Pricing is the very important factor in the product mix. In positioning of the company products pricing can affect companys image and attitude of the customers. It is very strategic in nature and require careful planning. Price fluctuations can result due to a change in the positioning of the company. A firm operates in an environment that is composed of factors like competitors and legal systems such as price controls to prevent pricing too high or too low. A firm should also consider that setting a price too low can lead to price war among competitors. There are various pricing objectives that a firm pursues To maximize profit Increase revenue Increase selling Increase profit margin Use pricing to signal high quality Only meeting costs to stay in market Avoiding price wars Based on desired objectives a firm can pursue various pricing strategies like Cost plus pricing Premium pricing Psychological pricing Target base pricing It is generally accepted that the price should not be lower than the costs associated in conducting activities. Ultra Chemicals pricing objectives are to increase profit margin and use price to signal high quality. There strategy is based on psychological and premium pricing strategies. Psychological pricing is used because the brand is already positioned in customer mind as having value attached of strength, durability and reliability that gives mental satisfaction with not much burden on budget. Customers take price as a sign of quality. Premium or value based pricing is also used based on the value that it has created for customer. Customers are priced according to the performance of products and technical expertise provided by the company. This pricing is very profitable for Ultra Chemicals and a high profit margin is set on it. As general practice prices are quoted to customers with thirty days validity that is subjected to change due to circumstances. There are factors that affect the pricing mechanism of Ultra Chemicals. Any ch

Determinism Vs. Free Will Essay -- Choices, God, Determinism

Many people often wonder what influences their choices, why they do the things they do, and why the world functions the way it does. Many like to argue that people make the choices they make because things are determined by nature and nurture, no other factors. Others like to argue that people have full control over the choices they make and there are no constraining factors. In this paper I will demonstrate that determinism is false and people are not typically determined by nature and nurture to perform the evil actions they do. I will identify what determinism is, the different forms of determinism, why people find it to be true, why I find it false, and show different examples of why. I will then go on to discuss free will, the different forms of free will, and why people do things out of free will. The definition of determinism â€Å"The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law.† The root of the philosophical idea is that everything can be explained or that everything has a reason for being and being as it is and nothing else. There are also different types of determinism that people believe in. Soft, hard, and casual determinism are the three different types of determinism. Soft determinist believe that free will is compatible with determinism. They believe in determinism, but believe free will can be present. â€Å"According to this soft determinism perspective, a person’s behavior may be caused by internal psychological states that, in turn have causes, but if no immediately pressing external agent affects the behavior, the person is said to have free will,† (Ogletree&Oberle, pg.98... ...Matile Ogletree and Crystal D. Oberle, Behavior and Philosophy , Vol. 36, (2008), pp. 97-111 The Problem of Evil and Moral Indifference,Tim Mawson, Religious Studies , Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 323-345 Hoefer, Carl, Hoefer,. "Causal Determinism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Jan. 2003. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. McKenna, Michael, McKenna,. "Compatibilism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 26 Apr. 2004. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Moral Responsibility, Determinism, and the Ability to Do Otherwise, Peter Van Inwagen, The Journal of Ethics , Vol. 3, No. 4, The Contributions of Harry G. Frankfurt to Moral Responsibility Theory (1999), pp. 341-350 "Two-Stage Models for Free Will." Two-Stage Models for Free Will. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. The Organization of Evil, C. Fred Alford, Political Psychology , Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 5-27 Determinism Vs. Free Will Essay -- Choices, God, Determinism Many people often wonder what influences their choices, why they do the things they do, and why the world functions the way it does. Many like to argue that people make the choices they make because things are determined by nature and nurture, no other factors. Others like to argue that people have full control over the choices they make and there are no constraining factors. In this paper I will demonstrate that determinism is false and people are not typically determined by nature and nurture to perform the evil actions they do. I will identify what determinism is, the different forms of determinism, why people find it to be true, why I find it false, and show different examples of why. I will then go on to discuss free will, the different forms of free will, and why people do things out of free will. The definition of determinism â€Å"The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law.† The root of the philosophical idea is that everything can be explained or that everything has a reason for being and being as it is and nothing else. There are also different types of determinism that people believe in. Soft, hard, and casual determinism are the three different types of determinism. Soft determinist believe that free will is compatible with determinism. They believe in determinism, but believe free will can be present. â€Å"According to this soft determinism perspective, a person’s behavior may be caused by internal psychological states that, in turn have causes, but if no immediately pressing external agent affects the behavior, the person is said to have free will,† (Ogletree&Oberle, pg.98... ...Matile Ogletree and Crystal D. Oberle, Behavior and Philosophy , Vol. 36, (2008), pp. 97-111 The Problem of Evil and Moral Indifference,Tim Mawson, Religious Studies , Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 323-345 Hoefer, Carl, Hoefer,. "Causal Determinism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Jan. 2003. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. McKenna, Michael, McKenna,. "Compatibilism." Stanford University. Stanford University, 26 Apr. 2004. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Moral Responsibility, Determinism, and the Ability to Do Otherwise, Peter Van Inwagen, The Journal of Ethics , Vol. 3, No. 4, The Contributions of Harry G. Frankfurt to Moral Responsibility Theory (1999), pp. 341-350 "Two-Stage Models for Free Will." Two-Stage Models for Free Will. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. The Organization of Evil, C. Fred Alford, Political Psychology , Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 5-27

Character sketch Essay

Michael Finley began walking to his room, very exasperated from the day’s occurrences. Michael was a diminutive adolescent with short black hair and dazzling blue eyes. Michael was wearing what he wore every single day, his decrepit blue jeans, a tangerine shirt and his bulky brown boots. Michael was a quiet and coy youth who had very few friends. Because he had very few friends , Michael became very introspective. Michael meandered aimlessly, cogitating about his fantasy. Michael fantasized about friendship, something that all people want. Michael entered his room and laid his body down on his bed remaining completely still. He started to evaluate his atrocious day. While contemplating, his immense angelic eyes became droopy, and had nearly fallen asleep. A moment passed, and suddenly the doorbell rang. Michael rose up from his bed and as he was opening the door, he heard sounds of laughter and discourse from the exterior. He opened the door and discovered an assemblage of his classmates. The classmates started walking into his house, seeming like they had been friends with Michael since childhood. His classmates sat down on his sofa and started to chat with Michael. Michael had not known what had happened but he didn’t care because his dream was coming true. Michael and his friends talked through the wee hours of the night. At that point Michael felt that he was one of them and didn’t care what happened in the past, he only cared what was happening now. Michael did something that he hadn’t in a long time; smile. In the morning, his friends departed after a night of celebration and companionship, and Michael walked to his room. He once again lay down on his bed and started to contemplate. But this time, Michael didn’t contemplate unhappily but contemplated blissfully. Michael’s dream was accomplished, but there was only one problem; it was just a dream.

Lahore Walled City Upgradation

Assignment : Up gradation of walled city LAHORE Conservation of the Urban Fabric Walled City of Lahore, PakistanZachary M. KronINTRODUCTIONThis case study on urban development in the province of Punjab focuses on the Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultant's efforts to create and implement an urban conservation plan for the walled city of Lahore in the early 1980's. With a population of four million in 1992,1  this old quarter of Lahore is under tremendous pressure from commercial and industrial interests, which as yet have little regard for the historic nature of the city. In addition to these active menaces, the city is struggling to integrate new municipal services into its existent tissue without obscuring its visual character. Although few interventions have actually been achieved, several higher profile â€Å"pilot projects† have been carried out in an effort to raise public awareness of the conservation plan. CONTEXTPhysical Lahore is the capital of the province of Punjab, the most fertile area of Pakistan and chief producer of agricultural products for the country. The city is generally arid, except for two months of hot, humid monsoons, and receives less than 20 inches of rain during the course of a year. Historical The earliest credible records of the city date its establishment to around 1050 AD, and show that its existence is due to placement along the major trade route through Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The city was regularly marred by invasion, pillage, and destruction (due to its lack of geographical defenses and general overexposure) until 1525 when it was sacked and then settled by the Mogul emperor Babur. Sixty years later it became the capital of the Mogul Empire under Akbar and in 1605 the fort and city walls were expanded to the present day dimensions. From the mid-18th century until British colonial times, there was a fairly lawless period in which most of the Mogul Palaces (havelis) were razed, marking a â€Å"decrease in social discipline towards the built environment that has continued unabattingly till today. â€Å"2Much of the walled fortification of the city was destroyed following the British annexation of the region in 1849, as both a defensive measure to allow the colonists to better control the populous, and as a commercial enterprise in resale of the brick for new projects. In 1864 many sections of the wall had been rebuilt. Major physical contributions of the British to the old city consisted of piped water and well systems established just outside the former walls. The building of the railroad and a station well outside of the old city set the stage for later expansion. 3Social and Economic A new wave of destruction washed over the city in 1947 following the partition of British Colonial India into the Hindu majority nation of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The resulting inter-communal strife destroyed wide areas of the urban fabric, some of which was repaired by the 1952 Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act. Many of the arriving Muslim families from India moved into the emigrating Hindu residences, although the lower land values of the old city further established the concentration of lower income groups in the city center, with wealthier families residing outside. In the 1950's an organization called the Lahore Improvement Trust attempted to instate a plan for commercial development in the old city, but these efforts were largely without effect. 4Between the early 1970's and '80's, 29% of the old city population moved out. The space left by emigrants from the old city has largely been filled by commercial interests, mostly small scale manufacturers and wholesalers, many of whom have national and international clients and do not serve the local community. The advantages for commercial interests are the readily available cheap labor force among the urban poor, as well as relative anonymity, which facilitates the evasion of most national and local taxation. Advantages for speculative developers lie in the absence of enforcement of building regulations, as well as in cheap plots. The resulting commercial encroachment demonstrates a pattern of abuse of building stock through inappropriate re-use of structures intended for small scale (cottage) industry and residential use, as well as destruction of older buildings replaced with quickly erected, lower quality structures. To the northwest, in the city of Peshawar, and to the east, in Delhi, one can find buildings related in form and age to those in Lahore, although in Peshawar the residential construction is primarily of wood. Although Peshawar was controlled by the Moguls and populated with mosques and gardens as Lahore was during the 16th and 17th centuries, little of it remains to be seen. Peshawar also has it's share of British construction, (including the renovated Mahabat Khan Mosque built under Shah Jehan but largely redone in 1898), and many of the existing residential buildings date from the late 19th century. Like Lahore, the small grain of the urban fabric eft intact can be attributed to the growth of the city within a walled fortification. THE PROJECTSignificance of the Walled City The walled city of Lahore is the product of the cultural influences of at least three major empires in the subcontinent of India: the Mogul Empire, the British colonial presence, and the modern nation-state of Pakistan. As a result of its position along a major trade route, it has also been influenced by many other, less dominant cultures, such as Afghanistan and China. Unlike Peshawar, which has lost much of it's larger scaled architectural past, and Islamabad, which can only boast Modern Monumental architecture of some merit, Lahore contains some of the best of all the empires which have touched it, as well as smaller scale vernacular architecture. In addition to this object value, the walled city plays a central role in the daily functioning of Lahore. It remains a bustling center of commerce and represents the â€Å"living culture† of the city, an enduring continuation of and evolution from a much older way of life. As the city contains many heterogeneous physical attributes, the activities of the walled city include all aspects of urban life: residential, manufacturing, retail, educational, religious, and civic. CONSERVATION PHILOSOPHYThe Lahore Development Authority's  Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore  is a series of recommendations concerning the physical decay of historic structures in the city, the â€Å"visual clutter† of newer structures and infrastructure, and the encroachment of various unregulated elements on the city's fabric. This program of conservation, headed by Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd. (PEPAC) is actually the expansion of a project begun in 1979, the â€Å"Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study† (LUDTS). This study, undertaken by the Lahore Development Authority (LDA) and funded by the World Bank, identified four areas for improvement. â€Å"1. Urban planning activities, leading to the production of a structure plan to provide a framework for action program within Lahore; 2. Neighborhood upgrading and urban expansion projects, to provide substantial improvements in living conditions for lower income groups; 3. Improvement of traffic conditions in congested parts of the street system of central Lahore: and 4. Improvements to living conditions within the walled city by improving environmental sanitation and providing social support program. â€Å"5Part of LUDTS' findings identified the precarious position of the physical fabric of the city. The report suggested (among other things) that any development and upgrading program that the city initiated should include measures â€Å"to protect national and regional cultural heritage,† and to that end it recommended the development of a conservation plan. The World Bank made the creation of a plan a condition of the first loans to be issued to Lahore. The study identifies some 1,400 buildings within the city as having high architectural or historical value and presents a series of conservation proposals. These recommendations include both conservation steps for the buildings themselves, as well as social and economic programs to halt the causes of their degradation. In general the study suggested the following: 1. Strategic policies and actions to be taken outside the walled city. 2. Planning activities and studies for both the central area and the walled city. . Institutional development including the full utilization of existing resources reinforced with an active training program, and the application of the legislative resources that already exist. 4. Urban management and controls to include production of a â€Å"Manual for Conservation and Building Renewal† and improved maintenance practices. 5. Traffic improvement and mana gement program. 6. Upgrading and enhancing the physical fabric and the urban environment through upgrading the building stock . . . and through upgrading urban services. 7. Redevelopment with concern for conformity with the scale, height, densities and building typologies traditionally characteristic of the walled city to be demonstrated through projects undertaken by public authorities on state land and through regulated private sector activity. 8. Conservation of individual listed special premises or elements. 6CONSERVATION PROGRAM INTERVENTIONSWhile the statement above outlines a general policy approach to the conservation effort, several pilot projects have been more specifically outlined and a handful have been implemented and funded by the World Bank through the Punjab Urban Development Project. The buildings are, in most cases, structures dating from early British colonial times, both residential and commercial, and more monumental structures from the Mogul Empire, although action has only been taken on government owned buildings. One pilot project that has come directly out of this effort is the restoration of the Wazir Khan Hammam (bath house), built in 1638. The bath, which suffered mostly surface damage to the fresco work, is now being re-used as a tourist center with some facilities for computer education for women. While the structure itself was not in any particular risk of irreversible decay, this  hamam  is a particularly important site to the Development Authority because it is located on a popular entrance point for tourists coming to the city. For visitors it is the first logical stopping point on a walk that goes from the impressive Delhi Gate (Image 6) past the Wazir Khan Mosque and the Choona Mandi Haveli Complex to end at the Lahore Fort. This route is also well traveled by locals going to the wholesale cloth and dry goods markets. It seems that the choice of aiming the rather limited resources of the program at this project is an attempt to heighten the community interest in the conservation effort, rather than directly addressing sites with more desperate conservation needs. Additionally, there are several proposals to deal with the conservation of areas surrounding historic monuments. Of particular concern is the area around the Mori Gate, which stands next to the well preserved UNESCO site of the Lahore Fort, and lies between the Fort and the Delhi Gate, immediately adjacent to the newly conserved and re-used Choona Mandi Haveli Complex. While the Fort itself is a vigorously monitored and controlled site, the area immediately surrounding it is â€Å"visually cluttered,† to say the least. One exits the Fort to be confronted by a mass of electrical cables, transformers, and half a dozen steel recycling operations. PEPAC's proposal involves the relocation of the steel traders (whom it claims are operating illegally) to a more suitable location and repopulating the area with a mixture of commercial and residential uses. The area itself does not contain artifacts of particular merit, but is amid a concentration of other historic elements. In their statement of policy and issues, PEPAC refers to the exemplary conservation work done at the Choona Mandi Haveli Complex, and to its re-use as a degree college for women. While this is not a PEPAC project, it is identified as a model of the work they wish to see happening in the city, and claim that the project â€Å"came out of the conservation effort† that they are creating. While it is unclear from the literature who in fact has implemented the particular conservation of the HaveliComplex or what the connection is to the PEPAC effort, it is clear a particular region of the city has been identified as a primary site for conservation efforts. It seems sensible to concentrate on blocks of the city as specific focus areas for limited resources and as showpieces to use to solicit further funding, but it is curious that this is not stated as a strategy i n the group's policy statements. In addition to these concentrated areas of restoration, the main gates to the city have been chosen as pilot projects, several of which have already undergone restoration work. In order to determine how the restored gates should appear, PEPAC searched for clues not only in their existing condition, but also in historical documentation of the gates from the pre-colonial period. In particular, a wealth of information was found in the numerous renderings by French and British explorers from the 17th century who made paintings, drawings and etchings of the sites. After identifying the site and determining the changes that are to occur in the area, the site was â€Å"vacated of encroachers,† who currently occupy the niches, hollows and shelters provided by the wall. Several of the gates have now been restored to their pre-colonial state, but the work has recently been halted due to the cessation of World Bank funding. AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONThe example of the gates highlights several difficulties faced by PEPAC in the implementation of their conservation project. First, and perhaps most minor, is the fidelity to the historical record that the conservators wish to maintain. Although the accuracy of the sketches can be verified by different views supplied by different artists, it is not necessarily appropriate to restore the gates to the condition they were in during that particular era, especially at the expense of people who may have some claim to residency in portions of the site. A more important criticism is that the definition of â€Å"encroacher† is inadequate. The Prime Minister has attempted to implement a policy to allot property rights to squatters as a way of instilling greater commitment in them to properly maintain the areas they occupy.   However, PEPAC does not qualify the distinction between squatters, â€Å"encroachers,† and residents. Furthermore, 20 million rupees that have been earmarked by the Punjab Urban Redevelopment Project for residents to use for the improvement of their own property was not dispersed due to the inability of the organization to identify legal residents. 9With no clear definition of who is a res ident it will continue to be impossible to make a generalized policy. The total bsence of legal enforcement of property rights further undermines any sense of ownership. An example is the rapacious acts of the speculative developer who buys a building and then digs a second basement, which effectively collapses the neighboring buildings. The owner, without legal recourse that would provide any results, is left with no choice but to sell their ruined plot to the developer, who then erects a cheap, commercial building. 10This dilemma underscores a central conflict in the policy of conservation enacted by PEPAC. On the one hand is the attempt to instate a series of guidelines and regulations which the residents of the city must follow, and on the other hand is the attempt to encourage a sense of ownership, pride and respect among residents for the architecture. The first effectively removes or reduces the choices of the resident in determining the form of their surroundings and relies upon a policy of rule enforcement. The second relies upon the living culture of a place to perpetuate the existing physical culture, although allowing for the changing needs of the people. Unless policy is made concerning ownership and enforcement, these two approaches, which are not necessarily in conflict, will not act in accord, and will each remain ineffectual. It is interesting to note that the areas where the PEPAC conservation effort has been most effective is in exclusively government owned properties: schools, municipal dispensaries, monuments and civic buildings, as well as the homes of police officials. 11In the case of the other projects that have been implemented, PEPAC may be criticized for prematurely starting restoration work before active degradation is stopped, or even slowed. The resurfacing of the Wazir Khan Hamam and work on the area between the Delhi and Mori Gate are a prime example of this, a fairly stable area is being conserved while nearby buildings are being razed for newer construction or crumbling through neglect. (Image 9) However, given the dependency of virtually the entire conservation effort on World Bank funding, it must be a priority for the group to create a visible, finished grouping of conserved buildings in order to solicit further funding. This example of trying to raise consciousness before actually acting to stop degradation is appropriate for any conservation project undertaken in Lahore. From the inception of the current conservation plan, the impetus for preservation has come from outside the city walls and has been hindered by a discrepancy between what is said in meeting rooms and what happens in reality. In the absence of a fairly oppressive and well-funded preservation enforcement program, conservation in the walled city will not be effective without the support and active interest from the people who inhabit it. Endnotes1. John King, and John St. Vincent,  Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit: Pakistan, 4th Edition (Lonely Planet Publications, 1993), p. 191. 2. PEPAC3. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd,  Lahore Development Authority: Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore, Final Report, vol. 1, Plan Proposals (1986), p. 7. 4. Reza H. Ali, â€Å"Urban Conservation in Pakistan: a Case Study of the Walled City of Lahore,†Ã‚  Architectural and Urban Conservation in the Islamic World, Papers in Progress, vol. 1 (Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 1990), p. 79. 5. Lahore Development Authority /Metropolitan Planning Wing, with the World Bank/IDA, â€Å"Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study,† Final Report/vol. 4, Walled City Upgrading Study (August 1980), preface. . Ali, â€Å"Urban Conservation in Pakistan,† p. 87. 7. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd,  Issues and Policies: Conservation of the Walled City of Lahore,  (Metropolitan Planning Section Lahore Development Authority, 1996), point 5. 8. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consul tants Ltd, Lahore Development Authority,Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore, Final Report, vol. 1, Plan Proposals. (1986), p. 180. 9. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd, Lecture given on the Walled City of Lahore Conservation Project (July 25, 1998). 0. (Sajjad Kausar)11. PEPAC lecture (25 July 1998). BibliographyAli, Reza H. â€Å"Urban Conservation in Pakistan: a case study of the Walled City of Lahore. †Ã‚  Architectural and Urban Conservation in the Islamic World. Papers in Progress. vol. 1. Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 1990. Background Paper: Lahore Pakistan. Prepared for Design for Islamic Societies Studio, MIT Department of Architecture and Planning, 1992. King, John and St. Vincent, John. Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit: Pakistan, 4th Edition. Lonely Planet Publications, 1993. Lahore Development Authority /Metropolitan Planning Wing, with the World Bank/IDA. â€Å"Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study,† Final Report/vol. 4. Walled City Upgrading Study. August 1980. Nadiem, Ihsan H. Lahore: A Glorious Heritage. Lahore: Sang-e-meel Publications, 1996. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd. Lecture given on the Walled City of Lahore Conservation Project. July 25, 1998. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd. Monographs on the Walled City of Lahore. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd. Lahore Development Authority. Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore. Final Report. vol. 1. Plan Proposals. 1986. Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Ltd. Issues and Policies: Conservation of the Walled City of Lahore. Metropolitan Planning Section Lahore Development Authority. 1996. Qurashi, Samina. Lahore: The City Within. Singapore: Concept Media, 1988. CreditsAll photographs and illustrations courtesy the Aga Khan Fund, MIT Rotch Collections, unless otherwise noted below:1. Courtesy, KK Mumtaz. 2. Courtesy T. Luke Young. 4. Brian B. Taylor, MIMAR 24, 1987. . From Pakistan Environmental Planning and Architectural Consultants, Ltd, â€Å"Conservation Plan for the Walled City of Lahore. † 6. Courtesy T. Luke Young. 7a. Brian B. Taylor, MIMAR 24, 1987. 9. Courtesy Hasan Uddin Khan. |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Map of the fortress of Lahore. 2. Traffic outside the walled city. 3. Encroachment. 4. A bazaa r in the Walled city 5. Inside View of the Wazir Khan Hamman, before and after restoration.. 6. streets in the old area. 7a and 7b. Electrical infrastructure. 8. Sharanwalla gate. 9. Electrical infrastructure. Image10. View of the walled city. | |

DURAND Surname Meaning and Family History

DURAND Surname Meaning and Family History From the Latin name Durandus meaning strong and enduring, the Durand surname comes from the Old French  durant, meaning enduring, derived from the Latin duruo,  meaning to harden or make strong. This surname is believed to have evolved simultaneously in several different cultures and may have been used to describe someone who is steadfast or, possibly, stubborn. Durand may also be an Anglicized form of the Hungarian Durndi, a habitational name for someone from a place called Durnd, in former Szepes county. Surname Origin: Latin,  French, Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings:  DURANT, DURRAND, DURANTE, DURRANT, DURRANTE, DURRAN, DURRANCE, DURRENCE Famous People with the DURAND  Surname Asher Brown Durand  - American painterWilliam F. Durand -  American aeronautical engineerPeter Durand  - British inventor of the tin canElias Durand - American botanist and pharmacist Where is the DURAND  Surname Most Common? The Durand surname is most common in France according to Forebears, ranking as the 2nd most common surname in the country. WorldNames PublicProfiler also supports this, showing fairly even distribution of the Durand surname in departments across France. It is also somewhat common in other French-influenced countries, including Dominica, New Caledonia, Monaco, French Polynesia, Montserrat, Haiti, Peru and Canada.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname DURAND Meanings of Common French SurnamesUncover the meaning of your French last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common French surnames. How to Research French AncestryIf you are one of those people who have avoided delving into your French ancestry due to fears that the research would be too difficult, then wait no more! France is a country with excellent genealogical records, and it is very likely that you will be able to trace your French roots back several generations once you understand how and where the records are kept. Durand  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Durand  family crest or coat of arms for the Durand surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. The Duran  Surname  DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Duran  surname, and variants such as Durand, are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Durand family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. DURAND  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Durand  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - DURAND  GenealogyExplore over 2  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Durand surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DURAND  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Durand  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - DURAND  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Durand. GeneaNet - Durand  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Durand  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Durand  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Durand  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Free Essays on Outsiders

Author: S. E. Hinton Title: The Outsiders Date of publication: 1967 Plot synopsis: The Outsiders is a story about a controversy between two groups in a town: the Greasers, the poor "tough guys" from the east side of town, and the Socials, or Socs, the richer group from the west side of town. The narrator of the story is Ponyboy Curtis, a 14-year-old orphan who lives with his two older brothers, Soda and Darry. His parents were killed by a car crash years ago. He is a good athlete and student, but is not treated the same as the richer students at his school. He knows this is because of his juvenile delinquent appearance. Ponyboy has long hair that he greases back, a symbol of him being in the gang. Ponyboy is not happy with his situation: Darry is way too protective of him and he is always afraid of a Soc jumping him. One night Pony and Johnny are cornered in a park by a group of drunken Socs. One of the Socs tries to drown Pony. He goes unconscious and when he wakes up, he sees that Johnny has killed Bob, one of the Socs. The two boys go to their friend Dally and he gives them money and directions to a church. There they hide out for a week, and then Dally comes to find them. After eating at Dairy Queen, they return to the church and see that it has caught fire. A group of schoolchildren are stuck in the burning building. Pony and Johnny jump in to save the children. Pony gets out relatively fine but Johnny badly burnt. In the newspaper, the boys are mentioned as heroes, even though they are still wanted for murder. Pony is fine, but Johnny is badly hurt and he will never walk again, if he even lives. Soon after, the Greasers fight the Socs. The Greasers win, and when Dally and Pony go to tell Johnny that they won, he dies during their visit. Dally is destroyed by this, and runs off. Later he calls Pony's house to tell him that he robbed a store and is being chased by the cops. They go to meet him, and see him shot down a... Free Essays on Outsiders Free Essays on Outsiders Author: S. E. Hinton Title: The Outsiders Date of publication: 1967 Plot synopsis: The Outsiders is a story about a controversy between two groups in a town: the Greasers, the poor "tough guys" from the east side of town, and the Socials, or Socs, the richer group from the west side of town. The narrator of the story is Ponyboy Curtis, a 14-year-old orphan who lives with his two older brothers, Soda and Darry. His parents were killed by a car crash years ago. He is a good athlete and student, but is not treated the same as the richer students at his school. He knows this is because of his juvenile delinquent appearance. Ponyboy has long hair that he greases back, a symbol of him being in the gang. Ponyboy is not happy with his situation: Darry is way too protective of him and he is always afraid of a Soc jumping him. One night Pony and Johnny are cornered in a park by a group of drunken Socs. One of the Socs tries to drown Pony. He goes unconscious and when he wakes up, he sees that Johnny has killed Bob, one of the Socs. The two boys go to their friend Dally and he gives them money and directions to a church. There they hide out for a week, and then Dally comes to find them. After eating at Dairy Queen, they return to the church and see that it has caught fire. A group of schoolchildren are stuck in the burning building. Pony and Johnny jump in to save the children. Pony gets out relatively fine but Johnny badly burnt. In the newspaper, the boys are mentioned as heroes, even though they are still wanted for murder. Pony is fine, but Johnny is badly hurt and he will never walk again, if he even lives. Soon after, the Greasers fight the Socs. The Greasers win, and when Dally and Pony go to tell Johnny that they won, he dies during their visit. Dally is destroyed by this, and runs off. Later he calls Pony's house to tell him that he robbed a store and is being chased by the cops. They go to meet him, and see him shot down a...

Analyse the star persona

Analyse the star persona FILM AND TV STUDIES WORK PROGRAMME ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Analyse the star persona of any actor of your choosing. What traits connotations and values does that star persona embody and to what extent does he or she bring the same traits, connotations and values to each role? You should answer with close reference to at least THREE films. In this essay I am going to analyse the star persona of one of Bollywood most successful actor, Shahrukh Khan, also known as SRK. Shahrukh Khan has made over fifty movies over the years; starting from 1992 he made his debut film Deewana (1992) which gave him box office hit. This gave him the most successful launch of his career in the Bollywood film industry. His role in the film gave achieved him Filmfare for the best Debut Award. There are three films of Shahrukh Khan that I am going to use close reference to, they are, KKHH (Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Something Happens 1998), K3G (Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Sometimes Happiness, Sometimes Sadness 2001) and (Chak De! India Come On India 2007). The reason I chose these movies as these movies are very well known for big the success of his acting part in these movies. KKHH is a story of a simple stylish, sensuous and ambrosial love triangle story. Rahul (Shahrukh Khan) the tomboy Anjali (Kajol). They are both students at St Xavier’s College. They are the best of friends. One day Tina, (Rani Mukerji), the principals daughter enrols the college. She is from London and is very beautiful, feminine and sophisticated and the opposite of Anjali. Rahul falls for her as they meet for the first time. Anjali then realises that she has feeling for Rahul and did not realise the careless comment on his part that she had heard, which equated love with friendship. This causes the love triangle to unfold. When one day Rahul confesses his love for Tina to Anjali, Anjali leaves the college, to forge the heartbreak that has caused her. Tina and Rahul marry and have a daughter whom they name Anjali. Tina di es after childbirth but has written a series of eight letters. On Anjali birthday she asks about where her name has come from. Rahul daughter Anjali believes that the older Anjali can make her father happy again and decided to help him reclaim his lost love. Rahul then meets Anjali again at a camp where Rahul daughter has enrolled, where her namesake is the counsellor. The namesake discoverers without the knowledge of the girl, the truth of her new charges of parentage. Rahul finds the old feelings reviving. But Anjali has bowed to her family’s wishes and is engaged to another man. Complications ensue, but all ends well as Anjali fiancà © steps aside to let the fated couple marry at last. Richard Dyer in his book says â€Å"A star image is made out of media texts that can be grouped together as promotion, publicity, films and commentaries/criticism†. SRK falls directed into all these mentioned. Promotion is one big main thing is what makes SRK. Although he is worldwid e famous primarily to the South Asian ethnicity around the world, most of the promotion is spread over India itself.

Unit 5 Individual project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5 Individual project 2 - Essay Example Quality can be defined in relation to both technical excellence and humane approach. â€Å"By technical quality care we mean that the patient receives only the procedure tests, or services for which the desired health outcomes exceed the health risks by a sufficiently wide margin; and that each of these procedures or services is performed in a technically excellent manner. The second component of quality care is that all patients wish to be treated in a humane and culturally appropriate manner and be invited to participate fully in deciding about their therapy.† (Robert H.Brook et al). In short quality in health care is fundamentally based on the two above-mentioned factors. â€Å"Getting quality health care can help you stay healthy and recover faster when you become sick. However, we know that often people do not get high quality care. A 2004 study of 12 large US communities found that just over half (54.9%) of people were receiving the care they needed.† (AHRQ Homepage: ). Everywhere, people looking for health care confront the problem that there is no uniform standard to measure quality. Thus it has become imperative to measure quality of care offered by healthcare service providers. Therefore, with a view to help patients choose the right treatment most suited to their personal needs, more and more public and private groups are developing and using quality measures based on the principles of right health plan, the right doctor, the right treatment, the right hospital, the best long term facility. Thus it can be seen that quality measures make available the necessary information which patients can assimilate to help them take a right decision about their treatment. In order to ascertain quality there are certain available parameters such as process measure, outcome measures and structural measures. In order to determine which one of these is the best, a deeper and wider study is called for. Each satisfies certain requirements

Managing Business Operations - Supply Chain Essay

Managing Business Operations - Supply Chain - Essay Example In order to meet its customers’ demand by providing quality services they decided to introduce IT in their business operations. Later on they ended up with problems as there was no integration between the systems of different units. Every individual department maintained its own account of activities properly but had no knowledge of what is happening in other departments. The lack of integration between different departments often created problems for the company. Thus, managing and integrating the affairs of all the units and departments became a tough task for a single person. Most often problems were detected after its occurrence. There are many processes involved in their business, beginning from order for freight to dispatch of the freight at the desired destination. The customer here is the company who places the order for transportation. The first process is the receipt of order from the client. Based upon the order, the company locates and sources the goods. The next p rocess is packaging of the sourced goods. Packaging is the process that requires intensive care. Goods may be breakable, or of exploding or evaporating nature etc. Each type of goods must be appropriately packaged so that no loss occurs to the customer due to destruction of goods. Dispatch of defective goods also affects the credibility of the company. The goods are packed and insured by MLH to secure the goods from loss in transit.

ISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ISIS - Essay Example ich has seized significant territories in western and northern Iraq and eastern Syria and established â€Å"caliphate† in accordance with Islamic Law, or Sharia. The history of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria goes back to 1999, which is the year when Tawhid wa al-Jihad, a militant Islamist group, was established by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Jordan. This militant group achieved its ill name due to the numerous attacks on coalition forces, beheadings of hostages and suicide attacks held in Iraq. After the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Zarqawi pledged alliance with al-Qaeda network and changed the name of the organization to al-Qaeda in Iraq (usually referred to as AQI), which became the main force of the insurgency (BBC, 2014). In 2006, the leader of the organization died, and AQI created an umbrella organization named Islamic State in Iraq. During 2006-2007, the group lost support of the population because of violent attacks committed by the members of the organization. As a result, AQI found itself in a deep crisis as it was isolated its supporters. However, 2010 can be regarded as the year of revival of the organization as its new leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, restored the capabilities and reputation of the Islamic State (BBC, 2014). It was in April 2013 that al-Baghdadi made the merge of his forces in Syria and Iraq public and announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In the end of 2013, the organization focused on the conflict between the Sunni Arab community and the government and took control over Fallujah with the help of tribesmen. In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized Mosul and advanced to Baghdad. In this very month, the organization changed its name to the Islamic State, and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced the creation of caliphate, a state led by one and the only political and religious leader (BBC, 2014). There is no certain data on the area controlled by the organization. For

Core Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Core Competencies - Essay Example Clinical nurses are registered nurses. Clinical nurses are specialized nurses in their field of nursing practices because they hold masters or doctoral degree in the specialized area of nursing (De et al. 2008). This nursing specialization may be fall into certain categories for instance, Nurse Practitioners come under clinical nurses. They are advanced practice registered nurses. They serve as advocate of patients. They lead their entire life for the provision of quality life to the people who are suffering from any disease or who may have any other health care issue. These health care issues may vary from toddlers to adults. Nursing practitioners have the authority to work independently because they are trained and qualified in their respected domains. Five roles of nurse practitioners described by strong model includes specialized leadership, publication, education, evidence based work, direct comprehensive health care and support of system (Bryant et al, 2004). Non-clinical nurses are those who are not involve in treating the health care issues of patients. It involves, nurse educators, nurse administrator or other administrative roles who build the bridge between the practitioners and patients. Non-clinical positions are those who work behind the scene yet, they have a vital role in the health care industry and they are responsible for providing successful management skills (Cattini and Knowles, 1999). There are several roles performed by the nurse educators in the clinical settings but the most important responsibility is to develop the staff clinically and professionally. Nursing educators are required to develop the better health care practitioners for patients. Nurse educators stimulate the personal and professional skills of nurse practitioners. They are not directly involved in the counseling of patient but they ensure the quality of health care

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager Essay

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager - Essay Example Information technology plays an essential role in the unprecedented growth of retail restaurant industry. A retail restaurant industry is a segment of the business which comprises of individuals and organisation whose are mainly engaged with the selling of ready foods to the consumers. Pret a manger is one such organisation which belongs to this particular segment. The report will highlight on the areas such as the role of information technology in the retail restaurant industry as well as more specifically to the company pret a manger. Apart from this the project will also highlight on the different approaches of pret a manger in the context of sustainable development, use of IT and innovations. The report also proposes to highlight the benefits offered by information technology for different elements. Role of Information Technology in Restaurant industry In this sector the functions of Information technology and innovation is significant as it helps in the process of research and d evelopment, financial segment, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. In other words information technology helps all the 4p’s of marketing mix. The industry plays an important role in the growth of the economy. It is one of the largest growing food types and intended for immediate consumption. The restaurant industry has some distinguishing factor within itself. The point of difference lies where some restaurants have their dedicated kitchens in their outlets while some other restaurants outlets get supply of the ready food from the factory. The industry includes members such as refreshment stands, fast food restaurants, full service restaurants, caterers and institutional food providers. Large fast food chain majorly contributes to the restaurant industry. In a recent study conducted, where it has been found that there were approximately 10 million retail restaurants available across the world. Among them most of the outlets were owned by individuals and single entities. But there are around 350 restaurants involved in chain business. The big names within this category are McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Pizza hut, Dominos, Subway, Fingers and Del Taco, pret a manger among various other players. The noticeable foodstuffs includes pizzas, burgers, sandwiches, French fries, soups, chicken roasts, baguettes ice creams to the traditional Asian fast foods like noodles, fried rice and soups among the others. Franchise operation acts as the most vital component of this industry but some companies go for direct operation as well. The market shares of different companies are illustrated through a diagram:- Figure 1 (Source: pugetsoundoff, n.d.). Presently information technology is widely used in restaurant industry. The companies get hugely benefited through the proper execution of information system. The primary advantage of using information technology retail restaurant industry is that it gives a competitive advantage to the orga nization. The other advantage of using information technology in business lies in its capability to transmit data around the world within very less time. The industry is focusing more on IT to take advantage from it. The

ISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ISIS - Essay Example ich has seized significant territories in western and northern Iraq and eastern Syria and established â€Å"caliphate† in accordance with Islamic Law, or Sharia. The history of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria goes back to 1999, which is the year when Tawhid wa al-Jihad, a militant Islamist group, was established by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Jordan. This militant group achieved its ill name due to the numerous attacks on coalition forces, beheadings of hostages and suicide attacks held in Iraq. After the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Zarqawi pledged alliance with al-Qaeda network and changed the name of the organization to al-Qaeda in Iraq (usually referred to as AQI), which became the main force of the insurgency (BBC, 2014). In 2006, the leader of the organization died, and AQI created an umbrella organization named Islamic State in Iraq. During 2006-2007, the group lost support of the population because of violent attacks committed by the members of the organization. As a result, AQI found itself in a deep crisis as it was isolated its supporters. However, 2010 can be regarded as the year of revival of the organization as its new leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, restored the capabilities and reputation of the Islamic State (BBC, 2014). It was in April 2013 that al-Baghdadi made the merge of his forces in Syria and Iraq public and announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In the end of 2013, the organization focused on the conflict between the Sunni Arab community and the government and took control over Fallujah with the help of tribesmen. In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized Mosul and advanced to Baghdad. In this very month, the organization changed its name to the Islamic State, and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced the creation of caliphate, a state led by one and the only political and religious leader (BBC, 2014). There is no certain data on the area controlled by the organization. For

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager Essay

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager - Essay Example Information technology plays an essential role in the unprecedented growth of retail restaurant industry. A retail restaurant industry is a segment of the business which comprises of individuals and organisation whose are mainly engaged with the selling of ready foods to the consumers. Pret a manger is one such organisation which belongs to this particular segment. The report will highlight on the areas such as the role of information technology in the retail restaurant industry as well as more specifically to the company pret a manger. Apart from this the project will also highlight on the different approaches of pret a manger in the context of sustainable development, use of IT and innovations. The report also proposes to highlight the benefits offered by information technology for different elements. Role of Information Technology in Restaurant industry In this sector the functions of Information technology and innovation is significant as it helps in the process of research and d evelopment, financial segment, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. In other words information technology helps all the 4p’s of marketing mix. The industry plays an important role in the growth of the economy. It is one of the largest growing food types and intended for immediate consumption. The restaurant industry has some distinguishing factor within itself. The point of difference lies where some restaurants have their dedicated kitchens in their outlets while some other restaurants outlets get supply of the ready food from the factory. The industry includes members such as refreshment stands, fast food restaurants, full service restaurants, caterers and institutional food providers. Large fast food chain majorly contributes to the restaurant industry. In a recent study conducted, where it has been found that there were approximately 10 million retail restaurants available across the world. Among them most of the outlets were owned by individuals and single entities. But there are around 350 restaurants involved in chain business. The big names within this category are McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Pizza hut, Dominos, Subway, Fingers and Del Taco, pret a manger among various other players. The noticeable foodstuffs includes pizzas, burgers, sandwiches, French fries, soups, chicken roasts, baguettes ice creams to the traditional Asian fast foods like noodles, fried rice and soups among the others. Franchise operation acts as the most vital component of this industry but some companies go for direct operation as well. The market shares of different companies are illustrated through a diagram:- Figure 1 (Source: pugetsoundoff, n.d.). Presently information technology is widely used in restaurant industry. The companies get hugely benefited through the proper execution of information system. The primary advantage of using information technology retail restaurant industry is that it gives a competitive advantage to the orga nization. The other advantage of using information technology in business lies in its capability to transmit data around the world within very less time. The industry is focusing more on IT to take advantage from it. The