Science Of Dreams Essays - Dream, Neurophysiology, Sleep

Science Of Dreams The Science of Dreams A dream is a display, usually visual, that occurs during the night while we sleep in order to deal with and asses the things that we have dealt with during the day. A dream is a remembered residue in the form of creatively assembled visual metaphors(Guiley). In 1900 Sigmund Freud wrote in the The Interpretation of Dreams that dreams are disguised wishes arising from ones unconscious mind. Having been suppressed by the conscious mind, the wishes sneak into the sleeping brain in the form of dreams. Due to electoencephalograph machine that recorded the rapid eye movement during sleep and research into the physical nature of dreaming, Freud's theory has been for the most part proven wrong. There is no definitive answer as to what a dream is. There is a raging debate over the neuroscientific point of view and the psychoanalytical point of view about what it is that actually causes dreams. In the next few paragraphs I will look at the proposed answers from both the neuroscientific and psychoanalytical The process of dreaming starts in the brain stem and is controlled by two neurotransmitters that in affect turn the dreams on and of. The one that turns the dreams on uses acetylcholine to begin the dream, and the part that turns the dream off uses norepinephrine and serotonin to end the dream sequence.When the norepinephrine and serotonin are suppressed, the other chemical, acetylcholine allows electrical signals to the cortex. Norepinephrine and serotonin are necessary to imprint the dreams into your long term memory. This may explain why we forget the majority of our dreams. Since the two chemicals are suppressed during the dreaming process, most dreams are not stored in the long term memory of our minds. The brain stem neurons also start a sinusoidal wave known as theta rhythm the hippocampus, a brain structure that looks like a sea horse which is believed to be responsible for the storage of memory. While this happens, the nerves that usually carry information from the world around us shut down(Guiley). If the dream happens during the REM phase of sleep, the person sleeping will experience an increased heart rate and a temporary paralysis. To prevent the sleeper from acting out the dream, the brain freezes the muscular activity. Experiments have been done on cats where the nueral fibers that freeze the movement during REM sleep were removed. This resulted in the cats walking around and acting out there dreams. Some people do act out there dreams. This disorder can be treated by a drug called Clonazepam which is also used to treat epilepsy. Dreams are different according to when the dream occurs in relation to the period of sleep. During the REM stage of sleep and at other times or non-REM sleep. There are four stages of sleep. As the sleeper goes through the stages of sleep the brain waves decrease in frequency. After the sleeper goes through the four stages of sleep, the sleeper goes back through the stages until they are back in stage one. This stage bone is called the Emergent Stage One. This is the time in which most of the REM dreaming occurs. In early 1953 is when the physical science of dreams really began when researchers at the University of Chicago discovered physical signals like rapid eye movement and brain wave patterns that signaled that dreams were in progress. Most all of the research since then has focused on the REM stage of sleep. All mammals, and even a few birds and reptiles go through the REM stage of sleep. In humans as we get older less time is spent in the REM stage of sleep. Fetuses spend most all of their time in the REM stage and new borns spend an average of eight hours a day in REM sleep. Fifty percent of sleep of infants and small children is spent in REM sleep. Adults sleep is usually about twenty percent REM sleep, and for older people only fifteen percent of sleep is spent in the REM stage of sleep. Many scientist believe that this is because that REM sleep plays a part in the learning process and is more important for the younger sleepers(Ackroyd). Eventhough REM sleep has gotten all of the attention when it comes to research, it must be remebered that we do not just dream in the REM stage. NREM are the dreams that are usually more logical and are more likely to

Free Essays on The War Of 1812

Katie Brammer The War of 1812 The war of 1812 was thought by many to be a war that shouldn’t have happened. It accomplished nothing but unnecessary death. There was many debates on the issue between the Federalist and the Republicans, who’s views were very different. The coming of the war started around 1801 when Thomas Jefferson was the President of the United States. All of the new leaders have a more democratic view. They were coming up with new policies, carried out by a man named James Maddison, which is what initially leads up to the war. The Federalists were against these new policies. They believed that in order to preserve peace you must prepare for war, so they wanted to strengthen their defenses by expanding and putting more money into the army and navy. Instead, the Republicans cut back. In the Jay Treaty of 1794 Americans began to prosper as the economy went up. The British started taking over American ship at sea and capturing seamen and making them work on their ships until their citizenship was proven. Between the years of 1807-1812 , England, France, and their allies seized over 1,000 American ships at sea. America started complaining and trying to do something about it, so the British offered a treaty called the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty. It would have benefited America a whole lot but since it didn’t mention impressments President Jefferson refused to even submit it to the Senate for approval. This was a turning point in British relations. The British quit taking American exports which made the American economy drop by about 75%. In November of 1811 President Maddison began to prepare for war by expanding the army and allowing the use of militia. Before America could realize the British wanted to keep the peace, war had already been declared and the campaigning had begun. America was unprepared for war, they had inexperienced soldiers and no funds to pay the soldiers or the feed them. Part of the campaign ... Free Essays on The War Of 1812 Free Essays on The War Of 1812 Katie Brammer The War of 1812 The war of 1812 was thought by many to be a war that shouldn’t have happened. It accomplished nothing but unnecessary death. There was many debates on the issue between the Federalist and the Republicans, who’s views were very different. The coming of the war started around 1801 when Thomas Jefferson was the President of the United States. All of the new leaders have a more democratic view. They were coming up with new policies, carried out by a man named James Maddison, which is what initially leads up to the war. The Federalists were against these new policies. They believed that in order to preserve peace you must prepare for war, so they wanted to strengthen their defenses by expanding and putting more money into the army and navy. Instead, the Republicans cut back. In the Jay Treaty of 1794 Americans began to prosper as the economy went up. The British started taking over American ship at sea and capturing seamen and making them work on their ships until their citizenship was proven. Between the years of 1807-1812 , England, France, and their allies seized over 1,000 American ships at sea. America started complaining and trying to do something about it, so the British offered a treaty called the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty. It would have benefited America a whole lot but since it didn’t mention impressments President Jefferson refused to even submit it to the Senate for approval. This was a turning point in British relations. The British quit taking American exports which made the American economy drop by about 75%. In November of 1811 President Maddison began to prepare for war by expanding the army and allowing the use of militia. Before America could realize the British wanted to keep the peace, war had already been declared and the campaigning had begun. America was unprepared for war, they had inexperienced soldiers and no funds to pay the soldiers or the feed them. Part of the campaign ...

Blog 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Blog 3 - Essay Example These supporters include the the disciples who existed in the period of Jesus, at the same time they may refer to the current Christians. â€Å"They ask you [Prophet] about the Hour, ‘When will it happen?’ Say, ‘My Lord alone has knowledge of it: He alone will reveal when its time will come, a time that is hidden from both the heavens and earth. All too suddenly it will come upon you.’ They ask about it as if you were eager [to find out]. Say, ‘God alone has knowledge of [when it will come], though most people do not realize it.’ Say [Prophet], ‘I have no control over benefit or harm, even to myself, except as God may please: if I had knowledge of what is hidden, I would have abundant good things and no harm could touch me. I am no more than a bearer of a warning and good news to those who believe.’† Quran 7:187-188 In this verse, Prophet Muhammad Predicts of Christ’s Reoccurrence, Jesus will come back. If one happens to observe him, then recognize him. He is a gentleman of a temperately healthy-looking appearance, who shall be wearing two slightly yellow clothes. He will come to take with him those who have been loyal to

Directives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Directives - Essay Example However, the Act only provides for a ten minute interval, once in four hours; and specifies a thirty – five hour week with fifteen hours of weekly overtime. Workers cannot request flexible working hours. Maria is driver for the London Underground, whose management is appointed by the Mayor of London. The expenditure incurred by it are defrayed by private enterprise and public funds, as such, it is run as a public private partnership. During the past year, Maria had worked, on an average, for fifty hours a week. She had been provided with ten minute breaks every four hours. However, her domestic commitments made it very difficult for her to cope up, and her requests for flexible working conditions had been ignored by the management. Subsequently, she became very ill, and she has obtained medical evidence that her disease was due to the stress caused by her employment. Maria’s employer, the London Underground, had been financed by public as well as private funding, and the management was appointed by the Mayor of London. Hence, this employer is an organization run by the state. Thus, Maria can invoke the Directive against her employer. The ECJ had extended the scope of the definition of state for the enforceability of council directives. In the case of Marshall, the Court ruled that individuals could invoke the rights provided by the directives. Moreover, individuals could rely on the rights that had been set out in directive for initiating legal action against a health authority. This is because a health authority is automatically an organ of the state1. The government of the United Kingdom had implemented the Directive with some changes. As such, the working hours were increased and the time of rest was reduced. With regard to compensation for damages, the ECJ made it clear in R v H.M. Treasury that individuals can claim damages

EMAAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EMAAR - Essay Example EMAAR has its headquarters in Dubai (United Arabs Emirates). Despite the above growth, EMAAR has still been in the verge of discussing new prospects of growth which entails geographical expansion to new and virgin lands most so the far east and North Africa (Group, 2008). The other strategy is that of product segmentation. It deals in variety of products ranging from the housing industry, hospitality and tourism industry. The company has also invested much in the Education Sector and the Health sector where it has built schools and hospitals as well as investing in the best facilities for the buildings (Group, 2008). The company as well deals in the financial instruments in the financial markets of Dubai, where last year (2010/2011) alone it traded in a turnover of over 29 billion AED in stocks (Group, 2008). The company’s total sale of apartments in the year 2010/2011 has been estimated to be Dh 583; this has been stated as a decline of about 86% of the previous year’s sales (Group, 2008). This may be because of the economic hard time, which even caused a crush in the western economies. The revenue from such sales was estimated to be about $ 1.52 billion last year, which is still a drop of about 10%, the previous year’s revenues. The drop in revenue is attributed to and depicts a slash in prices due to stiff competition in the industry. Two major products that the company deals in are the apartments and the villas. The apartments are the largest income-generating unit with a revenue of Dh 183 in the last quarter of last year. Villas on the other hand made good sales, the sales was about Dh126.4, this was a drop though of some few percentages (Group, 2008). EMAAR does not operate as a monopoly in its business. Just as I have mention previously it operates in a highly competitive environment where there are several

Impact of General Anti-Avoidance Rule in India

Impact of General Anti-Avoidance Rule in India Dr. Sanjiv Mittal, Dr. Sunil Kumar, Dr. Pradeep Agarwal, Dr. Mohinder Kumar Introduction General Anti-Avoidance Rule, most popularly known as GAAR Rules were introduced in India by Mr. Pranab Mukherjee the then Finance Minister in March 2012. This rule was introduced to stop the tax evaders or rather to reduce the transactions whose core motive is to evade taxes. The rule targeted, primarily, all the companies that were set up in Mauritius as Shell Companies. These companies had no motive of doing business in Mauritius. The core motive was to route investments into India, utilizing the tax friendly treaty signed between the two nations. Many domestic and foreign firms were doing so. According to data from various trusted sources, between April 2000 and April 2011, total FDI equity inflows from Mauritius to our country were 42 percent of total FDI equity flows. After introduction of GAAR rules, most of the investors domestic and foreign started criticizing it. Investors perception started taking a down turn. This decision was looked at as if the government is trying to demote FDI inflows and is not interested in foreign investments. Summary Due to all the criticism received by GAAR on its first proposal in The Direct Tax Code DTC, it was announced in the Finance Bill 2012 that it will be reintroduced with some changes which are required and will be in effect from 1st April 2014. An expert committee was set up to recommend the changes in the existing rules. According to the paper, GAAR was adopted from the South African Tax Laws. It was copied without paying much attention towards meaning. So, some words had different context in South Africa and different in India which resulted in misuse of the law at different stages. Main issues under the proposed anti-avoidance rules are as follows: Rules of tax avoidance are defined in a manner that they contain as many circumstances and instances of tax avoidance as possible. This leads to ambiguity and increased number of litigations. Anti-avoidance rules come in picture when the main purpose of a transaction is to get tax benefit. The meaning of main purpose is not defined and it is left in the hands of the court to decide the main purpose of ant transaction. Suppose the anti-avoidance rules are triggered while making a transaction. In such case, it is not certain as to the complete effect of the transaction will be given or not. Whether the double taxation would be completely avoided or not. Even in a case when the tax authorities do not have any proof against tax payer, it is his responsibility to prove to them that the main purpose of the transaction was not to avoid paying taxes. In case of any transaction, the provisions of this act are applicable at all times without there being any cut-off date. Due to which, past transactions create an impact in the regime of Direct Tax Code. So, it does not matter whether the tax officer authorises the transaction or not. After the announcement made by the Finance Minister in March 2012, there has been a significant decline in the investments made by foreign entities. There has been uncertainty over the impact of regulations on the foreign institutional investors. Indian equity markets showed higher deviations and instability after the announcement as the investors have become cautious in making their investments. In initial 3 months, markets showed good figures in terms of investment interest but not so well after the announcement as shown by the figures in the table below: MONTH GROSS PURCHASE (CR) GROSS SALE (CR) NET INVESTMENT (CR) CUMULATIVE INVESTMENT ($MN) January 2012 50,467.40 40,109.90 10,357.70 2,037.22 February 2012 79,898.60 54,686.60 25,212.10 5,127.67 March 2012 63,795.10 55,413.80 8,381.10 1,684.82 April 2012 41,091.90 42,200.50 -1,109.10 -205.53 May 2012 6,716.50 5,840.40 876.10 166.21 Source: http://www.indiainfoline.com In secondary market, most of the shares of the Indian companies are held by the Foreign Institutional Investors. Market pressures have increased in last few months and as a result these companies are struggling in their performance. Markets are expected to show volatility in the upcoming months also. Case Laws Case Law 1 (Vodafone Tax Case): In 2007, CGP investment based at Cayman Island was an intermediary company of Hutchinson of Hong Kong. This CGP companys investments had 67% shares of Hutch Essar India. Now when Vodafone bought CGP, they indirectly brought and became owner of Hutch Essar as well. The tax department was of the view that this transaction had the effect of indirect transfer of assets situated in India and thus tax liability arises for Vodafone. Bombay High Court ruled in favour of the Indian government but on further appeal by Vodafone to the Supreme Court, the decision turned in favour of Vodafone. Supreme Court concluded that the transfer of the share in CGP did not result in the transfer of a capital asset situated in India, and gains from such transfer could not be subject to Income tax. Finance Minister clarified in IT act 2012 that CGT will be payable outside India if its value is derived from Indian assets. Thus, GAAR was introduced in 2012 budget to stop all such tax avoiding instances. It had a retrospective clause which caused almost all corporates to oppose it. Case Law 2: A company transfers its property used in business to another related corporation for the purpose of deduction of non-capital losses of the related company. All of the shares of the two corporations have been owned by the same taxpayer during the period in which the losses were incurred. If transaction is with the law, then it is well and good. But, if it is done with the purpose of avoiding some tax laws then that is considered a misuse of the provisions of the Act and be subject to provisions of the Act. Thus, genuine corporate reorganization should not be affected. Case Law 3: A firm with a property which has an unrealized capital gain that it wishes to sell to a third party. A related corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary has a net capital loss. Instead of selling the property directly to the third party and realizing a capital gain, the company transfers the property by first selling it to a related corporation to reduce the net taxable capital gain by the amount of its net capital loss. The provisions of the act would not be triggered if cost to the company is considered in determining the cost to the related corporation. Thus, the transfer of property by parent company to its subsidiary company or vice versa under Indian regulations should not be impacted. Case Law 4: A taxable company has agreed to purchase all of the shares of an operating company, which is also a taxable Indian company. The purchaser forms a parent company which completes the transaction by borrowing money. Now both the parent company and subsidiary gets merged so that the interest on the borrowed capital could be deducted in computing the income from the business of the merged company. Under Section 14A, this can be considered as tax benefit and under the GAAR provisions. Applicability to Managerial Decisions and Companys Taxation GAAR will be applicable in India from April 2017, as per the latest announcement made by the government. This decision has its impact on the managerial decision making. As the companies will now have to be cautious and recheck before investing through foreign shell companies like from Mauritius. Due to the changes, the income earned through investments from FII and FDI will now be taxed. This increases companies total tax liabilities and they will have to revisit their investment plans. Government through this decision has provided lot of power to the tax authorities. They can take the tax benefit out of any transaction if they feel that its sole purpose is avoiding taxes. This may lead to harassment of honest investors. This thought has already led to some litigations on the government for taking this action without proper study. There will be a lot of expectations from the judiciary to maintain the perfect balance between the fair and unfair measures used in tax planning. However, managers who do a companys tax planning will have to take responsibility on themselves as to what is the acceptable measure and what is not. Because, at last it is the morals and ethics of a tax payer that guides the final decision. Owen L. Clarke Introduction In this paper, Owen L. Clarke talks about the taxation of corporate income and its effects with respect to the United States of America. It talks about local revenues and state revenues and how are they affected due to taxation. In U.S., corporates can be taxed by states only on the amount of transactions that they undertook within the boundaries of the state. Due to this, they are not able to get good amount of revenues from the economic corporate sector for carrying out the public services. Therefore, there is a probability of loss in revenues in the states. Reforms in taxation were again on top of the list of the U.S. federal government. As tax reforms may have different implication on as many people, here the paper talks about that part of reform which goes with distribution of profits to the corporate shareholders in both, the actual and the economic, sense of the word. It also talks about the consequences it leads to, in terms of taxes. Summary Taxes are an important part of the state revenue in U.S. Still, there is no focus on the current scenario of the states and also the costs incurred to the authorities while providing public services at a state and a local level. This would be the scenario if the recent proposals were brought to practice. The economic policy of the country suggests that the shareholder income and the corporate income should be integrated. So, interests of both the parties may not be in harmony. Many car manufacturers, who have global operations, compete with manufacturers from other nations and thus have to reduce effect of national. This concept of integration is not only complex but also not proper and not fair. State tax authorities looked like answering to general public demand i.e. to combine their corporate and personal tax regulations with the Internal Revenue Code. And many states adopted this, some partially and some completely. Later on, it had to be rechecked and changes had to be made in area of personal tax laws but not in the corporate tax laws. This may be because of the nature of the corporate tax. Massachusetts corporation tax laws were brought in because there was no integration in the corporate and personal taxes on income. This was because of pressure to meet with the payments of public services. Some may think that this integration is a new concept but that is not the case. Massachusetts has integrated both for over a hundred years in 18th and 19th century. Tax was charged in the hands of the shareholders of the company. But, even that was not able to collect enough amount from corporates for the purpose of providing public services. So, in 1863, they replaced it with the system where tax was charged in the hands of the corporates and they were supposed to pay the tax directly to the state authorities. There should be some differences in the logic in which the integration takes place at different levels i.e. at federal and at state level. The things which the state and local administrators provides the corporates and is not provided by the federal administrators. This should be looked upon because they are the only things on which state can demand tax from the corporates. All the tax authorities at the state level try their best to attract different industries in their purview. It should be noted that they provide most of the services directly to the corporates only and not to the shareholders. Therefore, companies should be the one who should pay taxes to the state. Therefore, if the federal administrators decide to enact some integration plans, then that would further increase the losses in revenues of the states which is already a problem. Federal government should look at the effects on the revenue of states and local authorities before accepting any proposal of integration. Because if some acts are changed at the state level then it would cause problems from the taxpayers to comply. The paper concludes that priority and importance should be given to the growth in the national economy rather than the state economy. Many things like capital generation, corporate financing, transfer of investments, etc. should be the focus of the federal authorities rather than different ways of collecting revenues. Author suggests that state tax authorities could deal with these problems of revenues without creating serious disturbances. This could happen if the congress, gives opportunity to the state authorities to draft and present an integration plan which satisfies the motives of both the state and the federal governments. Case Laws United States have many manufacturers and corporates having their operations throughout the world. In the international market, the companies have to compete with manufacturers and corporates from different countries where tax laws are different and thus the costs of the firm may be less. Now to stay competitive in the international markets and keep generating revenues from all over the world, the corporates should be charged less with the income taxes and such taxes should be charged in the hands of the shareholders for dividends that they receive. Applicability to Managerial Decisions and Companys Taxation If the federal government decides to collect income taxes not from the corporates but from the hands of the shareholders for the dividends that they earn from the corporate, then the managerial decision making will get changed in a certain way. Corporates will have to pay less taxes and the profits will increase with increase in revenues from the international markets. They will have more funds available to invest and as a result growth rate will improve. Also, it will reduce the costs incurred on planning to reduce that tax. However, it will increase a little burden on the individuals i.e. shareholders. This may not be good for revenue losses but it will be good for the country in long run. On the other hand, if the state starts collecting taxes directly from the corporates then firms will face though competition in the international markets. But the revenue problems of the states should get resolved. So, an integration plan should be proposed and enacted that resolves the issues of both the federal government and the state governments. References MITTAL, S., KUMAR, S., AGARWAL, P., KUMAR, M. (2013). IMPACT OF GAAR ON INDIAN EQUITY MARKET: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce Management, 4(10), 17-21. Clarke, O. L. (1975). THE TAXATION OF INCOME FROM CORPORATE SHAREHOLDING: STATE AND LOCAL VIEW. National Tax Journal, 28(3), 373-376. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/anti-avoidance-tax-rule-gaar-to-kick-in-from-april-2017/articleshow/56403421.cms http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-vodafone-tax-case/article5699526.ece https://www.usa.gov/taxes http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/education_materials/modules/Taxes_in_the_United_States.pdf http://www.immihelp.com/newcomer/united-states-taxes.html

Antigone Reparations Joan of Arc :: essays papers

Antigone Reparations Joan of Arc "Think: all men make mistakes, but a good man yields when he knows his course is wrong, and he repairs the evil: the only crime is pride." Such was the admonition of the wise prophet Teiresias in Sophocles' Antigone. In literature as in life, men often stubbornly hold on to their precious pride and reek havoc on those who least deserve it. Unfortunately, men rescind their mistakes too late. Their hubris does not make them evil, but it is dubious whether they can be considered good, honorable men. Repenting for past wrongs does not erase mistakes, for the effects of these mistakes are not rescinded with an apology. In the play Antigone, the downfall of King Kreon was tragic in that his fatal flaw, hubris, caused not only his own downfall, but that of many others. Antigone, the noble heroine, just suffering the loss of her two brothers, defies her Uncle Kreon's edict and buries Polyneices. She buried her dear brother out of familial love and duty to the gods. Kreon, who had previously stated that anyone who would dare defy his edict would suffer death, sentenced his own niece to death. Everyone, it seems, was opposed to Kreon's order. Referring to this fatal flaw, Sophocles notes that "Kreon has shown there is no greater evil than men's failure to consult and to consider" (1438-1439). Kreon had earlier stated, "I believe that he who rules in a state and fails to embrace the best men's counsels, but stays locked in silence and vague fear, is the worst man there" (217-220). Although Kreon voiced such lofty principles, his actions were to the contrary. Haimon, his son and Antigone's fiancà ©, o ffered advice but, while Koryphaios was willing to listen, Kreon arrogantly questioned "Men our age, learn from him?" (876). Haimon warned his father, "[t]hen she'll die, and her death will destroy others" (908). His admonition, which foreshadowed the tragedy, was disregarded by his arrogant father. Even Teieresias warned Kreon against his planned course of action. Kreon initially rejecting the prophet's advice to yield, subsequently conceded to the wise prophet's advise, but it was too late. Antigone had hung herself, Haimon had died of his own sword, and Eurydice, his wife, had killed herself out of grief. In attempting to prevent disorder, King Kreon bred disorder and became tyrannical. Antigone Reparations Joan of Arc :: essays papers Antigone Reparations Joan of Arc "Think: all men make mistakes, but a good man yields when he knows his course is wrong, and he repairs the evil: the only crime is pride." Such was the admonition of the wise prophet Teiresias in Sophocles' Antigone. In literature as in life, men often stubbornly hold on to their precious pride and reek havoc on those who least deserve it. Unfortunately, men rescind their mistakes too late. Their hubris does not make them evil, but it is dubious whether they can be considered good, honorable men. Repenting for past wrongs does not erase mistakes, for the effects of these mistakes are not rescinded with an apology. In the play Antigone, the downfall of King Kreon was tragic in that his fatal flaw, hubris, caused not only his own downfall, but that of many others. Antigone, the noble heroine, just suffering the loss of her two brothers, defies her Uncle Kreon's edict and buries Polyneices. She buried her dear brother out of familial love and duty to the gods. Kreon, who had previously stated that anyone who would dare defy his edict would suffer death, sentenced his own niece to death. Everyone, it seems, was opposed to Kreon's order. Referring to this fatal flaw, Sophocles notes that "Kreon has shown there is no greater evil than men's failure to consult and to consider" (1438-1439). Kreon had earlier stated, "I believe that he who rules in a state and fails to embrace the best men's counsels, but stays locked in silence and vague fear, is the worst man there" (217-220). Although Kreon voiced such lofty principles, his actions were to the contrary. Haimon, his son and Antigone's fiancà ©, o ffered advice but, while Koryphaios was willing to listen, Kreon arrogantly questioned "Men our age, learn from him?" (876). Haimon warned his father, "[t]hen she'll die, and her death will destroy others" (908). His admonition, which foreshadowed the tragedy, was disregarded by his arrogant father. Even Teieresias warned Kreon against his planned course of action. Kreon initially rejecting the prophet's advice to yield, subsequently conceded to the wise prophet's advise, but it was too late. Antigone had hung herself, Haimon had died of his own sword, and Eurydice, his wife, had killed herself out of grief. In attempting to prevent disorder, King Kreon bred disorder and became tyrannical.

Big Trouble in Little China

Big Trouble in Little China (BTLC) addresses stereotypes and aids assimilation by portraying Asian Americans as true Americans; condemning stereotypical actions; undermining untrue stereotypes; and reinforcing certain stereotypes as countertypes. BTLC encourages assimilation of Asian Americans into American society by portraying them as true Americans – they speak proper English, and Wang showed loyalty to America, as he gave a toast to â€Å"America’s colors†¦ that never run dry †.This contrasts with films which portray Asian Americans as different and unable to adapt to American society. For example, Mr Yunioshi, who speaks accented English in Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961). Hence, BTLC aids acceptance and assimilation of Asian Americans by showing how they have changed their behavior and lifestyles so they are like true Americans. The film also reflects assimilation by showing that Asian Americans are being treated like true Americans.This is seen f rom the strong friendship between Burton and Wang. Burton is willing to risk his life to help Wang rescue his fiance. Burton also said that despite their racial differences, he and Wang were just old friends and Californians. Burton does not see Wang as an Asian, but as a fellow American and a good friend. Another example is the interracial romance between Eddie and Margo. Due to the stereotype that Asians are of lower position than Caucasians, interracial romances usually do not have a good ending in films.For example, in The Forbidden City (1918), the Asian female lead was killed after the Emperor knew she had a child with a Caucasian, to warn people that interracial romances are strictly condemned . But nobody found the interracial relationship between Eddie and Margo surprising or strange. They were seen as a normal male and female, not an Asian male and Caucasian female. The interracial friendship and romance convey to viewers that racial differences can be erased and Asian Ame ricans are really true Americans.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Film Essay

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology is the study of human behavior at work and it is concerned with the development of and application of scientific principles to the workplace (Spector, 2008). In this field of I/O psychology there are many topics that outlined how individuals will perform at work and how successful they will be. Some of these topics are as fallows Goal setting, Selection, Employee Motivation, Job satisfaction, Emotions at work, Burnout, and Occupational Stress. In the film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) shows various topics of I/O psychology that are concerned with the 12 jurors in their workplace and their decision-making. In this paper I will explain how the film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) explains several topics of I/O psychology on how they are applied in the workplace. I will begin by given a short synopsis of the film and then explain five different I/O psychology topics that were portrayed in the film. The I/O psychology topics that I will discuss are as fallows, goal setting, job satisfaction, emotions at work, occupational stress, and finally group think Movie Sypnosis The film, 12 Angry Men (Rose et al., 1957) is a classic movie about 12 white men deciding the sentence of a 18 year old kid who has allegedly committed murder in the first degree by stabbing and killing his father to death. The movie begins showing the different jurors walking into the courtroom at different times. The presiding judge over the courtroom delivers the decision to the jurors that they must decide if the kid is guilty or not. If the kid were to be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt he will be sent to the electric chair. Fallowing in the film the jurors are sent to deliberate the fate of the kid. They enter the room in what was said to be the hottest day of the summer, but everyone is in laughter and ready to make their decision. At the first deliberation everyone votes guilty except for one man his reason as to why he didn’t cast his vote as guilty was because he couldn’t decide that fast over the life of a kid. The man is Henry Fonda the main protagonist of the movie, juror number 8 the only juror who wanted to give the kid a chance because a reasonable doubt. The movie continues with argument from other jurors wanting to convict the kid to the electric chair because they thought he was guilty. But as the discussion heats up Juror 8 keeps convincing everyone to a reasonable doubt that the kid is not guilty. As other jurors began to turn their decisions the emotions in this workplace escalate and so does the stress. The group must come together and reach a verdict but with dissatisfied jurors and little motivation how could they? In the end of the movie the final verdict is reach and those who were fast-acting decision making jurors cast their vote as not guilty. I/O Topics Goal Setting Goal setting is a theory of motivation and it says that â€Å"people’s behavior are motivated by their internal intentions, objectives or goals† (Spector, 2008 p.207). According to the theory it explains that goals are what a person consciously wants to attain and the things that they are going to do to get it. These goals can be specific or general, for example being able to run a marathon is a specific goal but being able to run is a general goal for someone. Also some goals are not meant for everyone ones goal should be able to be attained, some goals that effective for a orientation might not be necessary from the other. Locke and Henne (1986) said that there were four ways in which goals affect behavior. First the goals need to direct attention and action to behaviors the person believes will achieve the goal. Second, the goals mobilize effort in that the person will try harder. Third, goals increase persistence and this will result in more time spent on behaviors necessary for goal achievement. And finally goals can motivate the search for effective strategies to attain them. For every goal that is desire by an individual in order to be effective goals also need to fallow four more principles. One of the four principles is that goals must be specific and not vague because one can easily get tangled the objective. Second, goals need to be committed and have a sense of ownership to an individual because they are more likely to attain the goal. Third, feedback needs to be given by employer or organization on how an employee is doing. Finally goals need to be difficult because it will result in better performance and the person will work harder to achieve it (Spector, 2008). In 12 Angry Men, we see the goal setting of the different jurors. In the second scene of the movie when all the jurors entered the deliberation room the juror 1, the Foreman was the leader of voting he organized everyone around the table and the goal was to vote on the sentence of guilty and not guilty. Juror 1, main goal was to get the other jurors votes he committed his goal by asking a showing of hands to those who thought the kid was guilty or not guilty. All the jurors goal was to reach a verdict based their vote of guilty or not, everyone was entitled to their own opinion since the goal was committed to them and the feedback that they receive from their decision was given by the other jurors. Once the first vote was cast to show that all 11 other jurors found the kid to be guilty except for juror 8. Here we see the entitlement of the goal of juror 8 his goal was to reach a decision and he decided of not guilty. The feedback was received from the other jurors when all of them started to get loud and grumpy because his decision differ from theirs. The film demonstrated the topic of goal setting to be use correctly because in the film at the first voting everyone agreed but one person. But as the film progress the juror’s vote and their final goal began to shift when several factors were put on the table that the kid might not be guilty after all. I/O psychologists explained that the goals needed to be specific and committed, well in the film the juror’s goals was their own opinion to guilty or not and why was. The decision was not easy and many jurors where dissatisfied and their well being was not optimal because it was very hot that afternoon. Using the principles of goal setting could of helped the jurors reached a conclusion rather quickly than they did; if they had all agreed when Juror 8 was explaining as to why the kid might not be guilty because a reasonable doubt. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is how people feel about their jobs, and there are two ways of looking job satisfaction global and facet approach. According to Spector (2008), the global approach treats job satisfaction as a single, overall feeling toward the job. But the facet approach say that satisfaction focus on different aspects of the job such as pay, supervision, coworkers, communication, benefits, and promotion. Many people express their level of their satisfaction by showing up everyday to work and being on time, also based on the facet approach it can be explain to their pay, some people got to work because they like the people they work with, or are wanting a promotion, and other factors. Staw and Cohen-Charash (2005) identified other factors that lead to job satisfaction; the factors are personality, gender, and age. These factors contribute to a person overall satisfaction because their personality can link for them to be negativity affectivity, and their locus of control. You would want some one that is not negative and have an internal focus of control to experience the best job satisfaction. Also someone who is young is more likely to experience negative job satisfaction than someone who is old and has moved up in the career ladder within the company. A study has proved that gender has shown to not influence job satisfaction (Witt & Nye, 1992). Job satisfaction in the movie is that of Juror 8 because he could not convict the kid because he was not yet satisfied with the decision of the other jurors. Its reason was that there was a reasonable doubt to not convict the kid to murder, meaning he wasn’t going to decide that rather quickly. Also other example of job satisfaction was how negative Juror 3 was and Juror 10 when the other jurors began to change their vote. They tried to convince themselves and the others without looking at the possibility of a reasonable doubt. These Jurors were very dissatisfied with the other juror’s decision of turning their vote. The movie demonstrated job satisfaction to be done correctly it seemed, as the cast were to be conform of people who would experience higher levels of job satisfaction than others. It was done correctly because some of the jurors like number 3,7, and 10 showed higher levels of dissatisfaction because of their negativity to evaluate the facts and evidence of a reasonable doubt given by the other jurors. The principles of job satisfaction like their focus of control being able to have internal and controlling their decisions rather than relying in powerful facts that the kid was guilty because of the eye witnesses could have lead them to a easier decision. And they will all have experience better well being without getting so angry and dissatisfied. But we can see at the end that the I/O principles were apply and those who were dissatisfied became satisfied whenever they changed their vote of guilty to not guilty because they looked away from their negativity. Also it gave all the jurors a sense of satisfaction for finding a kid that presumably that was guilty to not guilty and saving his life. Emotions at work Emotions are explained by Spector (2008) to be an important component of life, and providing not only resources to acquire the necessities of life but a sense of purpose and social contacts as well. Also accomplishment is a type of feeling that will provide people with positive feelings such as pride, joy. But a heated argument in the workplace can result in feelings of anger and annoyance toward the supervisors or the organization in general. People who experience positive and reinforcing emotions at work will perform well in their job duties. Brief and Weiss (2002) said that stressful and aversive emotions at work can produce negative emotions states and moods. In the film 12 Angry Men, juror 10 and juror 3 showed the most emotions mostly negative while juror 8 showed positive emotions while looking for a reasonable doubt that the kid might not be guilty of stabbing his father. Juror 10 said â€Å" the kid lives in the slum, is had a bad record in the past for knife fighting, his no good kid that’s why his guilty† (Rose, R. 1957). This juror was very much showing his emotions and most of them seem to be negative that’s why he experience the most dissatisfaction and he had to kept wiping his nose every time he spoke very angrily regarding the matter. Juror 3 wanted to punch Juror 8 because they had difference of opinions and Juror 6 wanted to fight juror 3 because he didn’t shut up. The movie seems to cover up all the emotions that these state appointed juror showed while they were delivering the verdict. It’s a very hard decision to make and when people differ in opinion some of the jurors got really excited and the temper escalated. The topic of emotions at work was demonstrated corrected because in I/O psychology they are concerned in how people behave at work either positively or negatively (Spector, 2008). It was very well expressed the amount of anger juror 3, and juror 10 had towards the other jurors that gradually change their votes too not guilty. The characters needed to apply positive emotions and deep surface acting to experience less negative emotions towards the matter that they were discussing. If they had better moods and emotions they will had experience more positive reinforcement in their jobs as jurors. Because positive emotions in the workplace result in better performance in the case of the juror will be the decision-making and more satisfaction for their jobs. But the movie is not called 12 Angry Men for nothing, so that’s why many of the jurors expressed negative emotions. Occupational Stress Occupational stress is a state of being that has experienced by almost everyone. Occupational stress starts with a job stressor, which is a condition at work that requires and adaptive response (Spector, 2008). It is then fallowed by a job strain, which is a reaction to the job stressor. Some of these job stressors identified by Spector (2008), are role ambiguity, role conflict, workload, Social stressor and control. In role ambiguity and employee is uncertain about what their job functions and responsibilities are. In role conflict the employee people experience negative demands at work and outside work (extrarole and intrarole). In intrarole are too many demands a job is asking of their employee, extrarole occurs when demands from work and nonwork domains become overwhelming. Workload is the amount of work an employee is ask to complete in a certain time, as to a social stressor is stressful incidents concerning other people often can lead to incivility. Finally control the extent in which employees can make decisions about work. With regards to the film an example that depicts occupational stress is the overwhelming decision of whether the kid was guilty or not. A stressful situation is when at the beginning of the voting juror 8 decides that the kid is not guilty he puts himself in a stressful situation because his peers do no agree with him and he has to prove to them why he doesn’t think that the kid is guilty. He experiences a lot of role conflict within his job because now all the other 11 jurors are making a lot of demands as to why his decisions is what it is. This is called in the movie intrarole situation because since all the jurors are against his decision to decide that there is a reasonable doubt for the kid not being guilty. The movie shows that occupational stress is a major part of being a juror because since everyone is bound to have their own opinion they can all differ from one another. This stress leads to job stressor that can cause some of the jurors to get burnout in the process, just like juror 7 change his vote to not guilty because he wanted to leave without any reason. The I/O topic of occupational stress in the job as a juror is utilize correctly in the movie because it apply to several principles of this topic like role conflict cause intrarole to juror 8 since he was with almost all the weight on his shoulders and the most stress to explain to the other jurors his decision and he also had a social stressor given by the other jurors difference of opinions. Juror 8 was almost assaulted in the movie because he didn’t agree with the rest ultimately he had control of his own decisions and why it lead to the whole jury changing their vote to not guilty. It lead to an overall better decision and more satisfaction even though there was a lot of stress and tension among the jurors. Group-Think Groupthink is a phenomenon that can occur when groups make decisions that individual members know are poor decisions. According to Janis (1972) groupthink is more likely to occur in cohesive groups with strong leaders. Because social pressures to maintain a certain level of conformity and harmony takes over good decision-making. But that’s not the end we cant always think that every time there is group the phenomenon of groupthink is likely to occurs there are some things we can do to avoid it explained by Janis (1972). The first thing leaders should be impartial moderators rather than attempting to gain control. Second, group members should evaluate decision alternatives and seek for information that can support or refute their decision. But this is not all to help with this problem sometimes is suggested that large groups to be divided into smaller groups where people can decide better among some critical issues within a organization which eventually can lead to the correct decision. A good example of groupthink in the movie is when juror 8 decides to cast his votes as not guilty while the other eleven members thought the accuser was guilty. In this case we see that groupthink being evolve as one of the jurors exclaims as to why he would decide that the kid was innocent and he insisted that juror 8 had ignore all the evidence. Juror 8 said, â€Å" I am not saying he didn’t do it, but there is a possibility that he didn’t, I have a reasonable doubt† (Rose, R. 1957). Juror 8 decisions to go against the other jurors vote is thought by him to be right while the other eleven jurors knew their decision was the right one. He thought that the decision for all eleven members to cast their vote as guilty was wrong and he wanted an explanation as to why they thought the kid was guilty. The movie demonstrated the topic being use incorrectly because the group did not wanted to agree with the other juror that thought the group decision was wrong. The leader being juror 1 didn’t sit impartial to the decision while he let some others like juror 2 and 10 control the decisions of the whole group of jurors. Also the other jury members did not evaluated their decision to cast their vote as guilty to either supported or refuted it they just kind of went what the leaders were voting. The topic would had been shown more effectively in the movie if the group of jurors had divided in to two groups and both evaluated different sides of evidence and then presented each other and make a vote from there. Rather I was open where a few that stood strong in their decisions where fallow by those who didn’t. Also another big issue is that there was no diversity among the groups it was an all white jury with no women or anything that was different. Maybe if the director would have added a women or a person of color into the group to have another point of view from a different background the decision might have been better received at first. Conclusion In the world that we live today there are many jobs and different principles of I/O psychology that can be apply to a specific job. It is not easy dealing with the demanding qualifications some jobs require and with the certain things an employee needs to put up with. As depicted in the film 12 Angry Men, being a juror in a specific trial can take a toll on the jurors, but in this film we saw that the jury had a clear and identifiable goal that was to reach a verdict concerning the life of 18-year-old kid. The juror satisfaction of this state appointed job might not always be the best at the beginning because of their different attitudes, but I can be very rewarding to save a persons life in the end. Emotions are a key thing jurors face when facing a hard decisions but always being positive and staying clear of the objective can help with the decision. But at the same time with emotions can bring a lot of stress for this occupation a juror must be able to face it and control and look into the bigger perspective. In the end we use groupthink to make decision being diverse will help an reach decisions rather quickly but sometimes it will not work out that way for those power hungry individuals. There will be no more rewarding job then going home knowing that you did the right thing and helped society. References Rose, R. (writer), Lumet, S. (director), Fonda, H. (writer). (1957). 12 Angry men. [Motion Picture]. United States: Orion-Nova Productions Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

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